From: lessgovt@gmail.com   
      
   The tragedy of the commons can be considered in relation to environmental   
   issues such as sustainability.  The commons dilemma stands as a model for a   
   great variety of resource problems in society today, such as water, forests,   
   fish, and non-renewable    
   energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal.   
      
   Situations exemplifying the "tragedy of the commons" include the overfishing   
   and destruction of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, the destruction of salmon   
   runs on rivers that have been dammed[28] (most prominently in modern times on   
   the Columbia River in    
   the Northwest United States and historically in North Atlantic rivers), the   
   devastation of the sturgeon fishery (in modern Russia, but historically in the   
   United States as well), higher sickness and mortality rates from COVID-19 in   
   individualistic    
   cultures with less obligatory collectivism, and, in terms of water supply, the   
   limited water available in arid regions (e.g., the area of the Aral Sea and   
   the Los Angeles water system supply, especially at Mono Lake and Owens Lake).   
      
   In economics, an externality is a cost or benefit that affects a party who did   
   not choose to incur that cost or benefit. Negative externalities are a   
   well-known feature of the "tragedy of the commons". For example, driving cars   
   has many negative    
   externalities; these include pollution, carbon emissions, and traffic   
   accidents. Every time Person A gets in a car, it becomes more likely that   
   Person Z (and millions of others) will suffer in each of those areas.   
   Economists often urge the government to    
   adopt policies that "internalize" an externality.   
      
   The tragedy of the commons can also refer to the idea of open data.    
    Anonymised data are crucial for useful social research and represent   
   therefore a public resource – better said, a common good – which is liable   
   to exhaustion. Some feel that the law should provide a safe haven for the   
   dissemination of research data,    
   since it can be argued that current data protection policies overburden   
   valuable research without mitigating realistic risks.   
      
   An expansive application of the concept can also be seen in Vyse's analysis of   
   differences between countries in their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.   
   Vyse argues that those who defy public health recommendations can be thought   
   of as spoiling a set of    
   common goods, "the economy, the healthcare system, and the very air we   
   breathe,[ for all of us.   
      
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)