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   From: froid@sane.org   
      
   Steve Cummings  wrote in   
   news:subr51$195ge$80@news.freedyn.de:   
      
   > progressive dopers are child raping perverts who target children.   
      
   A study published in the journal Thorax compares the pulmonary effects of   
   vaping nicotine and cannabis. The study finds that cannabis is more   
   harmful to lung health than nicotine.   
      
   Background   
   Large electronic vaporizers specifically for inhaling cannabis were first   
   developed in the 1990s. In the 2000s, relatively smaller portable   
   vaporizers were introduced as “e-cigarettes” to inhale nicotine.   
      
   Aerosols emitted from vaping devices contain psychoactive substances   
   (nicotine and cannabinoids) and respiratory toxicants (formaldehyde and   
   benzaldehydes). Because of the lipophilic properties of cannabinoids,   
   solvents used in cannabinoid-vaping devices are different from that used   
   in nicotine-vaping devices.   
      
   Studies investigating the health impacts of vaping nicotine have indicated   
   that nicotine aerosols can disrupt the functioning of immune cells,   
   suppress innate immune responses in nasal epithelial cells, and induce   
   chronic respiratory disorders. However, not enough studies are available   
   to determine the health effects of vaping cannabinoids.   
      
   In the current study, scientists have compared the pulmonary effects of   
   vaping nicotine and cannabinoids in both in vivo and in vitro setups.   
      
   Study design   
   The study investigated the pulmonary effects of vaping cannabidiol (50   
   mg/ml) and nicotine (5.0%) in mice and human lung epithelial cells.   
      
   For in vivo experiments, both male and female mice were exposed to one   
   puff of nicotine or cannabidiol aerosols for five days a week. The   
   exposure was continued for two weeks. For in vitro experiments, human lung   
   cells were directly exposed to freshly produced aerosols in a closed   
   exposure system.   
      
   The health effects of exposed substances were assessed by measuring lung   
   inflammation, oxidative stress, lung damage, cytotoxicity, and   
   paracellular permeability.   
      
   Health effects of nicotine and cannabidiol   
   The study findings revealed that cannabidiol vaping has a more detrimental   
   impact on the immune and pulmonary systems than nicotine vaping. Exposure   
   to cannabidiol aerosols induced a proinflammatory microenvironment in the   
   lung, as demonstrated by increased accumulation of inflammatory immune   
   cells with elevated activity of tissue-damaging factors (myeloperoxidase   
   and neutrophil elastase).   
      
   Cannabidiol exposure caused significantly higher induction of inflammatory   
   and lung damage markers than nicotine exposure. Specifically, mice exposed   
   to cannabidiol aerosols showed higher levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and   
   higher infiltration of neutrophils in the lung compared to nicotine-   
   exposed mice. Moreover, cannabidiol exposure disrupted lung epithelial   
   barrier integrity and induced human lung epithelial cell death.   
      
   As mentioned by the scientists, increased lung infiltration of neutrophils   
   in cannabidiol-exposed mice is primarily responsible for the induction of   
   inflammatory microenvironment and oxidative stress in the pulmonary   
   system, which are collectively responsible for lung damage. Neutrophils   
   are the primary source of two tissue-damaging factors myeloperoxidase and   
   neutrophil elastase.   
      
   Furthermore, the study found that cannabidiol exposure causes an induction   
   in immunosuppressive T regulatory cells and a reduction in interleukin 2   
   (IL-2), leading to disruption of T cell functions and suppression of   
   adaptive immune responses in the lungs of exposed mice. These changes   
   could increase the susceptibility of mice to respiratory infections.   
      
   A significant reduction in the number of anti-inflammatory macrophages was   
   observed in the lungs of cannabidiol-exposed mice. This could potentially   
   cause lung immune dysfunction and lung damage and increase lung infection   
   risk. Common flavoring chemicals used in cannabidiol vaping products could   
   further augment cannabidiol-induced lung macrophage dysfunction.   
      
   Further characterization of pulmonary cells revealed the presence of lung   
   macrophages with lipid deposits. Since exogenous lipoid pneumonia with   
   lipid deposit-containing lung macrophages is a hallmark of vaping-related   
   lung injury, this observation indicates that cannabidiol vaping could be   
   associated with severe respiratory health deterioration.   
      
      
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