From: innes8@verizon.net   
      
   "Cloudberry@btinternet.com"  wrote in message   
   news:bfqdnRSIgus0J4janZ2dnUVZ8tWnnZ2d@bt.com...   
      
   > Well, first of all, it is good to read an intelligent article in these   
   > Celtic groups, and not only intelligent but informative too.   
      
   Credit is due in most part to James Orchard Halliwell.   
      
   > The common phrase "a different kettle of fish" is of course "a kydel of   
   > different fish". Concerning the Pilgrims, I presume you mean the members   
   > of the Pilgrim Church, which was an independent Congregationalist   
   > Calvinist Church from Screwby in Nottinghamshire. This bunch of Calvinist   
   > hinds and peasants were possible put off by the Archbishops of York, whose   
   > summer residence was situated at Screwby. The reason why they called   
   > themselves the Pilgrim Church is because they wanted to settle in Holland.   
   > This was illegal as far as Catholics and Independent Protestants were   
   > concerned. The "Pilgrims" went to Kings Lyn, but the captain of the ship   
   > whom they paid to take them to Holland sailed away without them. The   
   > "Pilgrims" then went to Boston in England, but as they were embarking the   
   > local sherrif turned up.   
   > The boat sailed away with about 50% of the Pilgrims on board, who finally   
   > settled in Delph in Holland. Of the remaining pilgrims the men ran away   
   > leaving the women and children behind. The sherrif arrested them, took   
   > them before a magistrate who wrote out and signed a mitimus, and the   
   > sherrif escorted them to Lincoln gaol (i.e. jail, I think it was Lincoln   
   > jail), the captain of the jail refuse to admit the captives, and so did   
   > the captains of every other jail, and the captives were even turned away   
   > from a penitentiary, so no gaols or penitentiaries would take them in.   
   > Meanwhile the sight of these bedraggled women and childten being marched   
   > from place to place aroused a great deal of public concern and they were   
   > eventually released. No members of the Pilgrim Church, not even one, ever   
   > went to North America. That was a different tale. A bunch of about 100   
   > English Calvinists, following the exaple of the Pilgrim Church, hired an   
   > old bum boat called the Mayflower   
      
   Yes - these very people! There is an excellent new book 'Mayflower' written   
   by an American historian who lives on Nantuckett, Nathaniel Philbrick. It   
   particularly contrast Pilgrims with Puritans - and begins where you have,   
   then continues the story until King Philip's War.   
      
   > that was sailing for New Amsterdam (New York). The captain ended up off   
   > Cape Cod where the captain ordered these Calvinists to disembark, and left   
   > them to die after being marooned on Cape Cod. The rest is history.   
      
   The landing was on 11/11. I think he subsequently got them across the bay to   
   Falmouth, unsure if the Mayflower did that, or a ship's boat. The Mayflower   
   returned to England and rotted in some Thames estuary. Falmouth had probably   
   recently suffered smallpox, brought to New England by cod fisherman landing   
   further up the coast in Maine, and indeed, the already-named Cape Cod. This   
   had reduced the native population by some 80%. The pilgrims couldn't   
   understand why the land was so empty of people, especially in consideration   
   of the number of settlements. By the time the next boatload of immigrants   
   arrived, the originals were reduced by 50%.   
      
   > There has never been any connection between the now defunct Pilgrim Church   
   > and New England, it is all bunkum dreamed up by Cotton Mathers, both names   
   > Cotton and Mathers are North-West English names. Because the North of   
   > England was once a Roman colony the old Roman laws and taxation rules   
   > continued to be applied,   
      
   [just a note, with a question; we call the subsequent A. Sax from outside   
   the Danelaw, and midlands-north, 'Mercian', though that wasn't its name - we   
   don't know the name they gave their own language, and had to call it   
   something, hence 'Mercian'. But has that name some earlier significance in   
   the North? is Mercian reflecting 'mersey' or MERKE [A. Sax]; dark, gloomy   
   . Halliwell gives MERCENRIKE a definition of 'the kingdom of Mercia'   
   and MERCERYE, 'goods sold by a mercer'.   
      
       The chapmen of suche mercerye   
           /Gower, MS Soc Antiq. 134 f 81   
      
   Or indeed, is the word from q-Celtic? Which John Fowles prefers to think   
   [mostly of p-Celtic] is the real sponsor of our current language as coupled   
   with the language of the incoming Saxons; so he coins 'Anglo-Celtic' rather   
   than Anglo Saxon.]   
      
   Shakespeare uses COTED, to mean 'braided'. And COTE-HARDY means a 'close   
   fitting body garment, buttoned all the way down the front, and reaching the   
   middle of the thigh'. COTINGE: cutting [A. Sax.] But, in the south they have   
   a few terms; in Suffolk they have COT-LAMB, a pet-lamb, and COTSWOLD LIONS   
   are sheep, viz. "have at the lyons on cotsolde," Thersites, ap. Collier, ii   
   401. But here is a northern word: COTTED [Lincs] matted, entangled, also   
   pronounced cottered and cotty. The only exact rendition of Cotten is from   
   Exmoor; 'to beat soundly.' COTTERLING; a cosset lamb, and COTTING; 'folding   
   sheep in a barn'.   
      
   MATHER is less succinct. One [North] definition gives MATTER; to approve of.   
   MATTY means twisted. MATH; a mowing [Somerset]. And a MATHER proper is 'the   
   great ox-eyed daisy'. MODDER: "Lasse, girle, modder," Cotgrave - and see   
   /Mauther/ a term used by Ben Jonson, others. MAUT: may, can, might [North]   
      
   > also agriculture such as Romano-British villas surrounded by small Celtic   
   > fields, and so on, as in Cornwall. It is a Northern English custom to use   
   > the surname of the wife's relatives as a Christian name, usually of the   
   > Eldest Boy or girl, hence Ashley for boys and Beverley for girls. Cotton   
   > is a surname used as a Christian name. In addition there was no connection   
   > at all with the Independent Calvinists who were marooned on Cape Cod, not   
   > even with the Independent Calvinists of the Boston Bay Company. There was   
   > not even any contact between the Pilgrim Church and those members of the   
   > Church of England (by law established) who called themselves, and were   
   > called by others, Puritans. In fact any Puritan entering Boston with the   
   > intention of converting people to Anglicanism was proptly expelled. One   
   > Puritan was driven out after have to pass the gauntlet by having his back   
   > side slapped with the broad edge of the swords of scornfull Independent   
   > Calvinists.   
      
   Puritan preaching continued in the Americas - and they prosecuted Quakers   
   [making them flee Boston for Rhode Island], and they enslaved and sent to   
   Caribbean a few thousand natives.   
      
   > The young women (and not so young) used to expose their breast in the   
   > summer months, and spin yarn stark naked, as was the general custom in   
   > England at the time (but not now in our more enligtened times, what   
   > Englishman today would want to look at firm young female breasts, thighs,   
      
   [continued in next message]   
      
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