[continued from previous message]   
      
   to the wire, and if a current is set up in the wire coil, then the   
   wire coil will either move forward or backward.  This could be applied   
   to the Simple Newton Engine.  The wire coil would be the "piston" and   
   the magnets would be part of the "cylinder".   
      
      
   --------------------------------------------------   
   It should be noted that the Simple Newton Engine creates a small   
   amount of force for a relatively minute amount of time.  In my mind,   
   it would only be effective if many are used simultaneously.  For   
   example, I imagine that it wouldn't be too hard for the Simple Newton   
   Engine to have a burst of 5N for a tenth of a second.  Building a unit   
   of ten thousand of such Newton engines would create a combined force   
   of 5000N, assuming that the engines can "reload" in 0.9 seconds.  The   
   real problem is getting a good force-to-mass ratio (acceleration); if   
   you can get acceleration greater than 10 m/s² then you can pretty much   
   launch any vehicle, no matter how massive, into space.  If the vehicle   
   is too massive, then all you need to do is add more individual engines   
   to the unit, and eventually it should lift off the ground.  If such   
   high accelerations cannot be made, then I'm sure this invention can   
   compete with ion propulsion.   
      
   -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-   
   =-=-=-3) The Gravitational-density Dynamo-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=   
   -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-   
      
   Here is the general idea of the Gravitational-density Dynamo:   
      
   First, an object (the object could be a liquid) on the ground is   
   inserted into a tall tube which contains a fluid which is more dense   
   than the object.  Also, the object should be insoluble in the fluid.   
   Due to the density difference, the submerged object is displaced   
   upwards.  When the object reaches the top, it is removed from the tube   
   and is dropped.  Due to the force of gravity, it will fall.  The   
   energy of the falling object will somehow be harnessed to create   
   electricity.  Once the object has reached the ground, it must be   
   reinserted back into the tube to repeat the process.  (Notice that the   
   tube should be as tall as possible so as to maximize the amount of   
   energy of the object when it falls.)   
      
   When I first conceived this idea I figured the object would be a log   
   of wood, and the fluid would be water.  In the following section, I   
   will examine a Gravitational-density Dynamo that uses water as the   
   object and perfluorooctane as the fluid.   
      
   -\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-   
   -|-|-| (2) LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-   
   -/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-   
      
      
   ---------------------------------------   
        Here is a specific, and perhaps practical, version of the   
   Gravitational-density dynamo.  (The workings of the   
   Gravitational-density dynamo was described in the previous section.)   
      
      
                _________________________   
               |                         |   
   semi-   __\ |___ _________________    |   
   permeable / |   |                 |   |   
   material    |   |   
    (dialysis  |   |                       |   
     tubing)   |   |                       |   
               |   |                       |   
               |   |                 ------*------  <--\   
               |   |                       |           |   
               |   |                       |       turbine   
               |   |                       |   
    tube B --> |   |   
     (contains |   |                 |   |   
    perfluoro- |   |                 |   |   
    octane)    |   |                 |   |   
               |   |                 |   | <-- tube A   
               |   |                 |   |      (contains   
               |   |_________________|   |       water)   
               |            |            |   
               |____________|____________|   
      
                           /|\   
                             \_ semi-permeable   
                                material   
                                 (dialysis   
                                  tubing)   
      
      
        Tube A contains water.  Tube B contains perfluorooctane.  Tube A   
   and tube B are connected to each other by dialysis tubing, which is a   
   semi-permeable material.  Water can permeate through the dialysis   
   tubing, but perfluorooctane can't.  Due to osmotic pressure, the water   
   in tube A will pass through the dialysis tubing entering tube B.   
   Since perfluorooctane is insoluble in water, and since water is less   
   dense than perfluorooctane, the water will rise to the top of tube B.   
   The water that has risen will permeate through the dialysis tubing at   
   the top of tube B.  Once enough water has accumulated at the top of   
   tube B, it will fall, turning the turbine, and returning back into   
   tube A.   
      
        Notice that this dynamo didn't require any input energy, and it   
   will continue to work, creating electricity by turning the turbine   
   (and generator, which is not shown), so long as the perfluorooctane   
   does not seep into tube A through the semi-permeable material.   
   Eventually, the perfluorooctane will seep through the dialysis tubing,   
   and so, this invention is not a perpetual motion machine.   
      
        But how can this dynamo generate electricity without any input   
   energy?  First, let's observe that the water at the top of tube B has   
   a gravitational potential energy.  When it falls, the gravitational   
   potential energy is realized and is converted into electricity by the   
   turbine (and generator, which is not shown).  But how did the water   
   initially get its gravitational potential energy?  It got its   
   gravitational potential energy from being displaced in a fluid   
   (perfluorooctane) that is more dense than it.  Thus, we must conclude   
   that insoluble objects in fluids that are more dense gain   
   gravitational potential energy by being displaced upwards.  However,   
   where is that energy coming from?  By the Law of Conservation of   
   Energy, something must lose energy so that another can gain energy.   
   Since we cannot find anything losing energy, we must conclude that the   
   Law of Conservation of Energy is wrong, and that gravity creates   
   forces which then create/destroy energy; in this case it created   
   energy in the final form of electricity.   
      
        Energy is being created/destroyed all around us.  Gravity and   
   magnetism are prime examples.  Both create forces.  The immediate   
   effect of the forces on the system is nothing (the vectors of the   
   forces cancel each other out).  However, after the immediate effect,   
   and after a minute amount of real time, the forces will do work on the   
   system.  If "positive work" is done, then the system will gain energy.   
    If "negative work" is done, then the system will lose energy.   
   Whether energy seems to be added to the system or removed depends on   
   your inertial frame of reference.  Should these forces be sustained   
   for a longer duration of real time, then the forces might be found to   
   have not done any work on the system (that is, it added the same   
   amount of energy that was removed).   
      
   ---------------------------------------   
        Suppose we have two magnets with like-charges "q" and "q0".  The   
   space between the two charges is "r".  Let the potential energy   
   between the charges be "U".  So,   
      
                    1     q*q0   
             U =  ------ ------   
                  4*pi*E   r   
      
   where pi = 3.14   
         E is the permittivity of free space   
      
        As the two magnets are moved closer to each other, potential   
   energy will be gained and kinitic energy will be lost.  As the two   
   magnets move away from each other, potential energy will be lost and   
      
   [continued in next message]   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)