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   Biology Program   
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   Introduction | What is plagiarism | Avoiding Plagiarism |   
   Examples   
      
   PLAGIARISM   
      
   What it is, and How to Avoid It   
      
   1. INTRODUCTION   
      
    2. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?   
      
    3. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM   
      
   4. EXAMPLES   
      
   1. INTRODUCTION   
      
   Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. Each year a number of   
   cases of plagiarism are brought to the attention of the Dean of   
   Arts and the President’s Office. Depending on the severity of   
   the offence, students found guilty of plagiarism may lose credit   
   for the assignment in question, be awarded a mark of zero in the   
   course, or face suspension from the University. Most cases which   
   pass through the Dean’s office result in at least a temporary   
   suspension from the University (permanently noted on the   
   student’s transcript) and a mark of zero.   
      
   2. WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?   
      
   Complete plagiarism   
   Near-Complete plagiarism   
   Patchwork plagiarism   
   Lazy plagiarism   
   Self plagiarism   
      
   Most simply, plagiarism is intellectual theft. Any use of   
   another author’s research, ideas, or language without proper   
   attribution may be considered plagiarism. Because such   
   definitions include many shades of accidental or intentional   
   plagiarism, these need to be described more fully.   
      
   Complete Plagiarism   
      
   This is the most obvious case: a student submits, as his or her   
   own work, an essay that has been written by someone else.   
   Usually the original source is a published journal article or   
   book chapter. The use of unpublished work, including the work of   
   another student, is just as serious.   
      
   In such cases, plagiarism cannot be "avoided" by paraphrasing   
   the original or acknowledging its use in footnotes. The work is   
   the property of another author and should not be used. See   
   Example #1   
      
   Near-complete Plagiarism   
      
   A student may also lift portions of another text and use them in   
   his or her own work. For example, a student might add her or his   
   own conclusions or introduction to an essay. Or a student might   
   scatter his or her own comments through a text taken   
   substantially from another source.   
      
   These practices are unacceptable. Even with some attribution,   
   the bulk of the work has been done by another. See Example #1   
      
   Patchwork Plagiarism   
      
   In many cases, a student will lift ideas, phrases, sentences,   
   and paragraphs from a variety of sources and "stitch" them   
   together into an essay. These situations often seem difficult to   
   assess. Most essays, after all, are attempts to bring together a   
   range of sources and arguments. But the line between plagiarism   
   and original work is not difficult to draw. See Example #2   
      
   Lazy Plagiarism   
      
   Lazy plagiarism crops up in many student essays, and is usually   
   the result of sloppy note-taking or research shortcuts. Examples   
   include:   
      
   inadvertent use of another’s language, usually when the student   
   fails to distinguish between direct quotes and general   
   observations when taking notes. In such cases, the presence of a   
   footnote does not excuse the use of another’s language without   
   quotation marks.   
      
   use of footnotes or material quoted in other sources as if they   
   were the results of your research.   
      
   sloppy or inadequate footnoting which leaves out sources or page   
   references.   
      
   Although it may not be the student’s intention to deceive, it is   
   often difficult for instructors to distinguish between   
   purposeful and accidental plagiarism. See Example #3   
      
   Self Plagiarism   
      
   The use of an essay written for one course to satisfy the   
   requirements of another course is plagiarism. Students should   
   not use, adapt, or update an essay written for another purpose.   
      
   This is not intended to discourage students from pursuing   
   specific interests. If you want to use a previously completed   
   essay as a starting point for new research, you should receive   
   the instructor’s approval and provide her or him with a copy of   
   the original essay. If you want to use substantially similar   
   essays to satisfy the requirements of two related courses, you   
   should get approval from all the instructors concerned.   
      
   3. AVOIDING PLAGIARISM   
      
   research   
   writing   
   footnoting   
   editing   
      
      
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