From: mars1933@hotmail.com   
      
       After Denikin's White forces defeated the Bolsheviks at Odessa in   
   August 1919, Rev. R. Courtier-Forster, Chaplain of the British forces   
   at  Odessa and the Black Sea ports, who had been held captive by the   
   Bolsheviks, reported the horrors of Bolshevism, relating how on the   
   ship Sinope, the largest cruiser of the Black Sea Fleet, some of his   
   personal friends had been chained to planks and slowly pushed into the   
   ship's furnaces to be roasted alive. Others were scalded with steam   
   from the ship's boilers. Mass rapes were committed, while the local   
   Soviet press debated the possibilities of nationalizing women. The   
   screams from women being raped and from other victims in what   
   Rev. Courtier-Forster called the "Bolshevik's House of Torture" at   
   Catherine Square, could be heard for blocks around, while at Cathe-   
   rine Square the Bolsheviks tried to muffle the screams with the noise   
   of lorries thundering up and down the street.100   
      
      Lenin used the Allied intervention as a rationalization for the   
   "RedTerror" stating in 1919 that, "The Terror was forced on us by the   
   Entente."101 However the plan for a "Red Terror" was already drafted   
   on the orders of Lenin in December 1917 for the Cheka, the secret   
   political police.102 The People's Commissary for the Interior,   
   Ptervosky, sent a communiqué to all Soviets not to flinch from the   
   "mass execution by shooting" of hostages to achieve their aims.103 Of   
   the Civil War period,   
      
   Melgunoff states that the number of "hostages" shot by the Bolsheviks   
   in the autumn of 1918 cannot be estimated.104 The number of victims   
   of the Bolsheviks in South Russia during the period 1918-1919, was   
   estimated by the Denikin Commission to be 1,700,000, a total with   
   which Melgunoff concurs.105   
      
      When the Rohrberg Commission of Enquiry entered Kiev, after the   
   Soviets had been driven out in August 1919, it described the "execu-   
   tion hall" of the Cheka as follows:   
      
   All the cement floor of the great garage (the execution hall of the   
   departmental Cheka of Kief) was flooded with blood. This blood   
   was no longer flowing, it formed a layer of several inches: it was   
   a horrible mixture of blood, brains, of pieces of skull, of tufts of   
   hair and other human remains. All the walls were bespattered   
   with blood; pieces of brains and scalps were sticking to them. A   
   gutter twenty-five centimetres wide by twenty-five centimetres   
   deep and about ten metres long ran from the centre of the garage   
   towards a subterranean drain. This gutter along its whole length   
   was full to the top with blood. ... Usually as soon as the massacre   
   had taken place the bodies were conveyed out of the town in   
   motor lorries and buried beside the grave about which we have   
   spoken; we found in a corner of the garden another grave which   
   was older and contained about eighty bodies. Here we discov-   
   ered on the bodies traces of cruelties and mutilations the most   
   varied and unimaginable. Some bodies were disembowelled,   
   others had limbs chopped off, some were literally hacked to   
   pieces. Some had their eyes put out and the head, face, neck and   
   trunk covered with deep wounds. Further on we found a corpse   
   with a wedge driven into the chest. Some had no tongues. In a   
   corner of the grave we discovered a certain quantity of arms and   
   legs.106   
      
      The nature of Bolshevism was understood in the West by the time   
   Graves took command of the Americans in Siberia. However, of the   
   leaders of the major powers only France's Clemenceau desired to see   
   the elimination of Bolshevism, and introduced Wilson and Lloyd   
   George to eyewitnesses in regard to the "Red Terror." Wilson howev-   
   er would not be moved by the testimony.107   
      
      Amidst the numerous accusations by Graves regarding White   
   atrocities, the only comment he makes on the "Red Terror" is that:   
   The foreign press was constantly being told that the Bolsheviks   
   were the Russians who were committing these terrible excesses,   
   and propaganda had been used to such an extent that no one ev-   
   er believed that atrocities were being committed against the Bol-   
   sheviks.108   
      
      While Graves might have pleaded ignorance when he took com-   
   mand of the American forces in Siberia, these statements were made   
   in his book America's Siberian Expedition published in 1931, and by   
   that time there could be no excuse for ignorance, other than that of   
   an apologist for Bolshevism.   
      
   "VERY LARGELY OUR FAULT"   
     In March 1919 Captain Montgomery Schuyler, Chief of Staff of the   
   American Expeditionary Force in Siberia, reporting from Omsk to Lt.   
   Colonel Barrows in Vladivostok, wrote of his misgivings:   
      
   You will feel I am being hot about this matter but it is I feel sure,   
   one which is going to bring great trouble on the United States   
   when the judgment of history shall be recorded on the part we   
   have played. It is very largely our fault that Bolshevism has   
   spread as it has and I do not believe we will be found guiltless of   
   the thousands of lives uselessly and cruelly sacrificed in wild or-   
   gies of bloodshed to establish an autocratic and despotic rule of   
   principles which have been rejected by every generation of man-   
   kind which has dabbled with them.109   
      
     In the same month as Captain Schuyler was writing his report   
   which confirms the widespread White Russian assertions, much to   
   Graves' ongoing outrage, that the Americans were pursuing a policy   
   helpful to Bolshevism, Graves cabled Washington to ensure that his   
   actions were in accord with the US Administration. General March,   
   Chief of Staff of the US War Department, replied: "Your action as re-   
   ported in the cablegram was in accordance with your original instruc-   
   tions and is approved, and you will be guided by those instructions   
   until they are modified by the President."110   
      
      Wilson had urged "evacuation of all Russian territory" by foreign   
   troops as the sixth of his "Fourteen Points," which would hardly en-   
   courage confidence among the White movement in regard to the in-   
   tentions of the USA, the implications of Wilson's statement again be-   
   ing pro-Soviet:   
      
   The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of   
   all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest   
   cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her   
   an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the inde-   
   pendent determination of her own political development and na-   
   tional policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society   
   of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more   
   than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need   
   and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her   
   sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their   
   good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished   
   from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish   
   sympathy.111   
      
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