From: rehashedrubard@gmail.com   
      
   On Tuesday, May 2, 2023 at 4:42:34 PM UTC-7, Jeffrey Rubard wrote:   
   > On Sunday, April 23, 2023 at 8:23:31 AM UTC-7, Jeffrey Rubard wrote:    
   > > On Saturday, April 15, 2023 at 2:07:59 PM UTC-7, Jeffrey Rubard wrote:    
   > > > On Sunday, April 2, 2023 at 10:07:10 AM UTC-7, Steve Hayes wrote:    
   > > > > Vatican rejects ‘Doctrine of Discovery’ justifying colonialism    
   > > > >    
   > > > > After decades of demands by Indigenous people, Vatican â   
   ˜repudiates’    
   > > > > theories that backed colonial-era seizure of lands.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Calls to rescind the Doctrine of Discovery grew louder last year when    
   > > > > Pope Francis made a trip to Canada to apologise for the Catholic    
   > > > > Church's role in abuses at so-called residential schools [File:    
   > > > > Guglielmo Mangiapane/Reuters]    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Published On 30 Mar 2023    
   > > > >    
   > > > > The Vatican has rejected the “Doctrine of Discoveryâ€�, a   
   15th-century    
   > > > > concept laid out in so-called “papal bullsâ€� that were used to   
   justify    
   > > > > European Christian colonialists’ seizure of Indigenous lands in   
   Africa    
   > > > > and the Americas.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > In a statement on Thursday, the Vatican’s development and education    
   > > > > office said the theory (PDF) – which still informs government   
   policies    
   > > > > and laws today – was not part of the Catholic Church’s teachings.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > It said the papal bulls were “manipulated for political purposes by    
   > > > > competing colonial powers in order to justify immoral acts against    
   > > > > Indigenous peoples that were carried out, at times, without opposition    
   > > > > from ecclesiastical authoritiesâ€�.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > “In no uncertain terms, the Church’s magisterium upholds the   
   respect    
   > > > > due to every human being,â€� the statement reads. “The Catholic   
   Church    
   > > > > therefore repudiates those concepts that fail to recognize the    
   > > > > inherent human rights of Indigenous peoples, including what has become    
   > > > > known as the legal and political ‘doctrine of discovery’.â€�    
   > > > >    
   > > > > For decades, Indigenous leaders and community advocates had urged the    
   > > > > Catholic Church to rescind the Doctrine of Discovery, which stated    
   > > > > that European colonialists could claim any territory not yet    
   > > > > “discoveredâ€� by Christians.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > The papal bulls played a key role in the European conquest of Africa    
   > > > > and the Americas, and their effects are still felt by Indigenous    
   > > > > people.    
   > > > >    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Calls to rescind the Doctrine of Discovery grew louder last year when    
   > > > > Pope Francis made a trip to Canada during which he apologised for the    
   > > > > Catholic Church’s role in widespread abuses that took place at    
   > > > > so-called residential schools.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Between the late 1800s and 1990s, more than 150,000 Inuit, First    
   > > > > Nation and Metis children across Canada were taken from their families    
   > > > > and communities and obligated to attend the forced-assimilation    
   > > > > institutions, which were rife with physical, psychological and sexual    
   > > > > violence.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > The Haudenosaunee External Relations Committee said at the time of the    
   > > > > pope’s residential school apology that more action was needed from   
   the    
   > > > > church – notably, the revocation of the papal bulls.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > “An apology to Indigenous Peoples without action are just empty   
   words.    
   > > > > The Vatican must revoke these Papal Bulls and stand up for Indigenous    
   > > > > Peoples’ rights to their lands in courts, legislatures and elsewhere    
   > > > > in the world,â€� the committee said in a July 2022 statement.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Indigenous leaders welcomed Thursday’s Vatican statement, even   
   though    
   > > > > it continued to take some distance from acknowledging actual    
   > > > > culpability.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Phil Fontaine, a former national chief of the Assembly of First    
   > > > > Nations in Canada who was part of the delegation that met with Pope    
   > > > > Francis at the Vatican before last year’s trip and then accompanied    
   > > > > him throughout, said the statement was “wonderfulâ€�.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > He said it resolved an outstanding issue and now put the matter to    
   > > > > civil authorities to revise property laws that cite the doctrine.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > “The Holy Father promised that upon his return to Rome, they would    
   > > > > begin work on a statement which was designed to allay the fears and    
   > > > > concerns of many survivors and others concerned about the relationship    
   > > > > between their Catholic Church and our people, and he did as he said he    
   > > > > would do,â€� Fontaine told The Associated Press news agency.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > “Now the ball is in the court of governments, the United States and   
   in    
   > > > > Canada, but particularly in the United States where the doctrine is    
   > > > > embedded in the law,â€� he said.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > “Today’s news on the Vatican’s formal repudiation of the   
   Doctrine of    
   > > > > Discovery is the result of hard work and advocacy on the part of    
   > > > > Indigenous leadership and communities,â€� Canadian Justice Minister    
   > > > > David Lametti wrote on Twitter. “A doctrine that should have never    
   > > > > existed. This is another step forward.â€�    
   > > > >    
   > > > > The Doctrine of Discovery was cited as recently as a 2005 US Supreme    
   > > > > Court decision involving the Oneida Indian Nation and written by the    
   > > > > late Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > On Thursday, the Vatican offered no evidence that the three papal    
   > > > > bulls (Dum Diversas in 1452, Romanus Pontifex in 1455 and Inter    
   > > > > Caetera in 1493) had themselves been formally abrogated, rescinded or    
   > > > > rejected, as Vatican officials have often said.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > But it cited a subsequent papal bull, Sublimis Deus in 1537, that    
   > > > > reaffirmed that Indigenous peoples should not be deprived of their    
   > > > > liberty or the possession of their property, and were not to be    
   > > > > enslaved.    
   > > > >    
   > > > > Cardinal Michael Czerny, the Canadian Jesuit whose office co-authored    
   > > > > the statement, stressed that the original papal bulls had long ago    
   > > > > been abrogated and that the use of the term “doctrineâ€� — which   
   in this    
      
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