From: bulahsadbury00@gmail.com   
      
   Because ozone provides a shield against harmful ultraviolet radiation,   
   determines the temperature profile in the stratosphere, plays important roles   
   in tropospheric chemistry and climate, and is a health risk near the surface,   
   changes in natural ozone    
   layers at different altitudes and their global impact are being intensively   
   researched. Global ozone coverage is currently provided by passive optical and   
   microwave satellite sensors that cannot deliver high spatial resolution   
   measurements and have    
   particular limitations in the troposphere. Vertical profiling DIfferential   
   Absorption Lidars (DIAL) have shown excellent range-resolved capabilities, but   
   these systems have been large, inefficient, and have required continuous   
   technical attention for    
   long term operations. Recently, successful, autonomous DIAL measurements have   
   been performed from a high-altitude aircraft (LASE - Lidar Atmospheric Sensing   
   Experiment), and a space-qualified aerosol lidar system (LITE - Laser In-space   
   Technology    
   Experiment) has performed well on Shuttle. Based on the above successes, NASA   
   and the Canadian Space Agency are jointly studying the feasibility of   
   developing ORACLE (Ozone Research with Advanced Cooperative Lidar   
   Experiments), an autonomously operated,    
   compact DIAL instrument to be placed in orbit using a Pegasus class launch   
   vehicle.   
      
   Atmospheric water vapor plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and   
   meteorology, with implications for climate change and severe weather. The   
   Raman lidar technique is useful for observing water-vapor with high   
   spatiotemporal resolutions. However,   
    the calibration factor must be determined before observations. Because the   
   calibration factor is generally evaluated by comparing Raman-signal results   
   with those of independent measurement techniques (e.g., radiosonde), it is   
   difficult to apply this    
   technique to lidar sites where radiosonde observation cannot be carried out.   
   In this study, we propose a new calibration technique for water-vapor Raman   
   lidar using global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-derived precipitable   
   water vapor (PWV) and    
   Japan Meteorological Agency meso-scale model (MSM). The analysis was   
   accomplished by fitting the GNSS-PWV to integrated water-vapor profiles   
   combined with the MSM and the results of the lidar observations. The maximum   
   height of the lidar signal    
   applicable to this method was determined within 2.0 km by considering the   
   signal noise mainly caused by low clouds. The MSM data was employed at higher   
   regions that cannot apply the lidar data. This method can be applied to lidar   
   signals lower than a    
   limited height range due to weather conditions and lidar specifications. For   
   example, Raman lidar using a laser operating in the ultraviolet C (UV-C)   
   region has the advantage of daytime observation since there is no solar   
   background radiation in the    
   system. The observation range is, however, limited at altitudes lower than 1-3   
   km because of strong ozone absorption at the UV-C region. The new calibration   
   technique will allow the utilization of various types of Raman lidar systems   
   and provide many    
   opportunities for calibration. We demonstrated the potential of this method by   
   using the UV-C Raman lidar and GNSS observation data at the Shigaraki MU radar   
   observatory (3451'N, 13606'E; 385m a.s.l.) of the Research Institute for   
   Sustainable   
      
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