From: bulahsadbury00@gmail.com   
      
   Physical dependence happens when your body starts to rely on a substance to   
   function. When you stop using the substance, you experience physical symptoms   
   of withdrawal. This can happen with or without psychological dependence.   
      
   Understanding Psychological Addictions   
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   Some estimates suggest approximately 90 percent of people recovering from   
   opioid addiction and 75 percent of people recovering from alcohol addiction or   
   other substance addictions will have symptoms of PAWS.   
      
   Treating psychological dependence is a bit more complex. For some folks   
   dealing with both a physical and psychological dependence, the psychological   
   side of things sometimes resolves on its own once the physical dependence is   
   treated.   
      
   The word addiction has been traced to the 17th century.[10] The consumption of   
   addictive substances, such as alcohol, opioids, cocaine, and cannabis, has   
   been traced back to ancient history of Syria, China, and South America.[11]   
   During this time period,    
   addiction was defined as being compelled to act out any number of bad habits.   
   Persons abusing narcotics were called opium and morphine "eaters", and the   
   term drunkard referred to abusers of alcohol. Medical textbooks categorized   
   these "bad habits" as    
   dipsomania or alcoholism[12] However, it wasn't until the 19th century when   
   the diagnosis of addiction was first printed in medical literature. In the   
   1880s, Sigmund Freud and William Halsted began experimenting with users of   
   cocaine. Freud in particular    
   was convinced that cocaine could be the answer to many mental and physical   
   problems and published a paper "On Coca" about its benefits.[13] Being unaware   
   of the drug's powerful addictive qualities, Freud began to commend it as a   
   means to overcome    
   morphine addictions. Over time, Freud and Halsted inadvertently became guinea   
   pigs in their own research and, as a result, their contributions to psychology   
   and medicine changed the world. Freud publicly endorsed cocaine and its uses,   
   theorizing that    
   cocaine could be used as an anesthetic. This idea was later tested and found   
   to be true.[13] However, most of his other claims about cocaine turned out to   
   be false and his advocacy for cocaine severely hurt his career.   
      
      
      
   As cocaine continued to spread, physicians began looking for ways to treat   
   patients with opium, cocaine, and alcohol addictions. Physicians debated the   
   existence of the label "addictive personality," but believed the qualities   
   Freud possessed (bold risk    
   taking, emotional scar tissue, and psychic turmoil) were of those that   
   fostered the "addictive personality".[12]   
      
   Physician Sigmund Freud, born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, France (an area now   
   known as Pribor in the Czech Republic), was instrumental in the field of   
   psychology. Dream interpretation and psychoanalysis, also known as talk   
   therapy, are two of his well-   
   known contributions. Psychoanalysis is used to treat a multitude of conditions   
   including addictions.[14] As one of the most influential thinkers in the 20th   
   century, he altered the way we perceive ourselves and communicate about our   
   perceptions; as a    
   number of his theories have been popularized and terms he created have entered   
   into general language.[15]   
      
   The American Psychological Association (APA) is a professional psychological   
   organization and is the largest association of psychologists in the United   
   States. Over 100,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, and students support   
   the association through    
   their membership. Their mission "is to advance the creation, communication and   
   application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's   
   lives."[29]   
      
   APA supports 54 divisions, two of which pertain to addictions. Division 50,   
   Society of Addiction Psychology promotes advances in research, professional   
   training, and clinical practice within the range of addictive behaviors.   
   Addictive behaviors include    
   problematic use of alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs as well as disorders   
   involving gambling, eating, spending, and sexual behavior.[30] Division 28,   
   Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse promotes teaching, research, and   
   dissemination of information    
   regarding the effects of drugs on behavior.[31]   
      
   The College of Professional Psychology (CPP), hosted by the American   
   Psychological Association Practice Organization, previously offered a   
   certificate to psychologists whom demonstrated proficiency in the   
   psychological treatment of alcohol and other    
   substance-related disorders. The CPP maintains the certificate of proficiency   
   for persons who acquired it prior to 2011. The Society of Addiction Psychology   
   certificate will be re-instated while the Society examines other avenues for   
   credentialing    
   professionals in addiction treatment.[32]   
      
   Many degrees provide space for the treatment of addictions. The educational   
   background that each professional obtains will contain similarities but the   
   philosophy and the viewpoint from which the material is delivered may vary.   
   The required amount of    
   education prior to earning a certificate or degree also varies. A few of the   
   more commonly recognized fields of study are included.[41]   
      
   Both process addiction and behavioral addiction have many dimensions causing   
   disarray in many aspects of the addicts' life. Treatment programs are not a   
   one size fits all phenomenon, hence there are different modalities or levels   
   of care. Effective    
   treatment programs incorporate many components to address each dimension. The   
   addict suffers from psychological dependence and some may suffer from physical   
   dependence.[44]   
      
   Contingency Management can be a treatment used to treat psychoactive   
   addictions, which aims to change behavior by incorporating positive and   
   negative reinforcements.[45] Some common reinforcers used within contingency   
   management are vouchers, prized-   
   based, methadone take-home dosages, altering the dosage amount, and cash.[46]   
   Based upon the principles of operant conditioning, contingency management   
   treatments involve daily or frequent monitoring such as: the individual   
   addicted to drugs providing a    
   drug free urine sample, then receiving the incentive after showing proof of   
   drug abstinence.[47] Therefore, within operant conditioning, continuing to   
   receive the reward increased drug abstinence.   
      
      
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