XPost: alt.atheism, alt.transgendered, alt.fan.rush-limbaugh   
   XPost: or.politics   
   From: smythlejon2@hotmail.com   
      
   Sieg Heil!   
      
   In their 25-point party program published in 1920, Nazi Party members   
   publicly declared their intention to segregate Jews from “Aryan” society   
   and to abrogate their political, legal, and civil rights.   
      
   Nazi leaders began to make good on their pledge to persecute German Jews   
   soon after their assumption of power. During the first six years of   
   Hitler's dictatorship, from 1933 until the outbreak of war in 1939, Jews   
   felt the effects of more than 400 decrees and regulations that restricted   
   all aspects of their public and private lives. Many of these were national   
   laws that had been issued by the German administration and affected all   
   Jews. But state, regional, and municipal officials, acting on their own   
   initiatives, also issued many exclusionary decrees in their own   
   communities. Thus, hundreds of individuals in all levels of government   
   throughout the country were involved in the persecution of Jews as they   
   conceived, discussed, drafted, adopted, enforced, and supported anti-Jewish   
   legislation. No corner of Germany was left untouched.   
      
   The first major law to curtail the rights of Jewish citizens was the Law   
   for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933,   
   which excluded Jews and the “politically unreliable” from civil service.   
   The new law was the German authorities' first formulation of the so-called   
   Aryan Paragraph, a regulation used to exclude Jews (and often, by   
   extension, other “non-Aryans”) from organizations, professions, and other   
   aspects of public life. This would become the foundation of the Nuremberg   
   Race Laws of 1935, which defined Jews not by religious belief but by   
   ancestral lineage and which formalized their segregation from the so-called   
   Aryan population.   
      
   In April 1933, German law restricted the number of Jewish students at   
   German schools and universities. In the same month, further legislation   
   sharply curtailed “Jewish activity” in the medical and legal professions.   
   Subsequent decrees restricted reimbursement of Jewish doctors from public   
   (state) health insurance funds. The city of Berlin forbade Jewish lawyers   
   and notaries to work on legal matters, the mayor of Munich forbade Jewish   
   doctors from treating non-Jewish patients, and the Bavarian interior   
   ministry denied admission of Jewish students to medical school.   
      
   At the national level, the Nazi government revoked the licenses of Jewish   
   tax consultants, imposed a 1.5 percent quota on the admission of “non-   
   Aryans” to public schools and universities, fired Jewish civilian workers   
   from the army, and in early 1934, forbade Jewish actors to perform on the   
   stage or screen. Local governments also issued regulations that affected   
   other spheres of Jewish life: in Saxony, Jews could no longer slaughter   
   animals according to ritual purity requirements, effectively preventing   
   them from obeying Jewish dietary laws.   
      
   Government agencies at all levels aimed to exclude Jews from the economic   
   sphere of Germany by preventing them from earning a living. Jews were   
   required to register their domestic and foreign property and assets, a   
   prelude to the gradual expropriation of their material wealth by the state.   
   Likewise, German authorities intended to “Aryanize” all Jewish-owned   
   businesses, a process involving the dismissal of Jewish workers and   
   managers as well as the transfer of companies and enterprises to non-Jewish   
   Germans, who bought them at prices officially fixed well below market   
   value. By the spring of 1939, such efforts had succeeded in transferring   
   most Jewish-owned businesses in Germany into “Aryan” hands.   
      
   The Nuremberg Race Laws formed the cornerstone of Nazi racial policy. Their   
   introduction in September 1935 heralded a new wave of antisemitic   
   legislation that brought about immediate and concrete segregation. German   
   court judges could not cite legal commentaries or opinions written by   
   Jewish authors, Jewish officers were expelled from the army, and Jewish   
   university students were not allowed to sit for doctoral exams.   
      
   In 1937 and 1938, German authorities again stepped up legislative   
   persecution of German Jews. They set out to impoverish Jews and remove them   
   from the German economy by requiring them to register their property and   
   preventing them from earning a living. The Nazis forbade Jewish doctors to   
   treat non-Jews and they revoked the licenses of Jewish lawyers. In August   
   1938, German authorities decreed that by January 1, 1939, Jewish men and   
   women bearing first names of “non-Jewish” origin had to add “Israel” and   
   “Sara,” respectively, to their given names. All Jews were obliged to carry   
   identity cards that indicated their Jewish heritage, and, in the autumn of   
   1938, all Jewish passports were stamped with an identifying letter “J.”   
      
   Following the Kristallnacht pogrom   
      
   (commonly known as “The Night of Broken Glass”) on November 9-10, 1938,   
   Nazi legislation barred Jews from all public schools and universities, as   
   well as from cinemas, theaters, and sports facilities. In many cities, Jews   
   were forbidden to enter designated “Aryan” zones. The government required   
   Jews to identify themselves in ways that would permanently separate them   
   from the rest of the population. As the Nazi leaders quickened preparations   
   for their European war of conquest, the antisemitic legislation they   
   enacted in Germany and Austria paved the way for more radical persecution   
   of Jews.   
      
   The following list shows 29 of the more than 400 legal restrictions imposed   
   upon Jews and other groups during the first six years of the Nazi regime.   
   1933   
      
   March 31   
   Decree of the Berlin City Commissioner for Health suspends Jewish doctors   
   from the city's social welfare services.   
      
   April 7   
   The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service removes Jews   
   from government service.   
      
   April 7   
   The Law on the Admission to the Legal Profession forbids the admission of   
   Jews to the bar.   
      
   April 25   
   The Law against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities limits the number   
   of Jewish students in public schools.   
      
   July 14   
   The Denaturalization Law revokes the citizenship of naturalized Jews and   
   “undesirables.”   
      
   October 4   
   The Law on Editors bans Jews from editorial posts.   
   1935   
      
   May 21   
   The Army Law expels Jewish officers from the army.   
      
   September 15   
   The Nuremberg Race Laws exclude German Jews from Reich citizenship and   
   prohibit them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of   
   “German or German-related blood.”   
   1936   
      
   January 11   
   The Executive Order on the Reich Tax Law forbids Jews to serve as tax   
   consultants.   
      
   April 3   
   The Reich Veterinarians Law expels Jews from the profession.   
      
   October 15   
      
   [continued in next message]   
      
   --- SoupGate-DOS v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)