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   > Subject: Remember the Sand Creek Massacre   
   > Message-ID:    
   > Date: Sat, 29 Nov 2014 21:27:18 +0100 (CET)   
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   >   
   > NEW HAVEN - MANY people think of the Civil War and America's   
   > Indian wars as distinct subjects, one following the other. But   
   > those who study the Sand Creek Massacre know different.   
   >   
   > On Nov. 29, 1864, as Union armies fought through Virginia and   
   > Georgia, Col. John Chivington led some 700 cavalry troops in an   
   > unprovoked attack on peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho villagers at   
   > Sand Creek in Colorado. They murdered nearly 200 women, children   
   > and older men.   
   >   
   > Sand Creek was one of many assaults on American Indians during   
   > the war, from Patrick Edward Connor's massacre of Shoshone   
   > villagers along the Idaho-Utah border at Bear River on Jan. 29,   
   > 1863, to the forced removal and incarceration of thousands of   
   > Navajo people in 1864 known as the Long Walk.   
   >   
   > In terms of sheer horror, few events matched Sand Creek.   
   > Pregnant women were murdered and scalped, genitalia were paraded   
   > as trophies, and scores of wanton acts of violence characterize   
   > the accounts of the few Army officers who dared to report them.   
   > Among them was Capt. Silas Soule, who had been with Black Kettle   
   > and Cheyenne leaders at the September peace negotiations with   
   > Gov. John Evans of Colorado, the region's superintendent of   
   > Indians affairs (as well as a founder of both the University of   
   > Denver and Northwestern University). Soule publicly exposed   
   > Chivington's actions and, in retribution, was later murdered in   
   > Denver.   
   >   
   > After news of the massacre spread, Evans and Chivington were   
   > forced to resign from their appointments. But neither faced   
   > criminal charges, and the government refused to compensate the   
   > victims or their families in any way. Indeed, Sand Creek was   
   > just one part of a campaign to take the Cheyenne's once vast   
   > land holdings across the region. A territory that had hardly any   
   > white communities in 1850 had, by 1870, lost many Indians, who   
   > were pushed violently off the Great Plains by white settlers and   
   > the federal government.   
   >   
   > These and other campaigns amounted to what is today called   
   > ethnic cleansing: an attempted eradication and dispossession of   
   > an entire indigenous population. Many scholars suggest that such   
   > violence conforms to other 20th-century categories of analysis,   
   > like settler colonial genocide and crimes against humanity.   
   >   
   > Sand Creek, Bear River and the Long Walk remain important parts   
   > of the Civil War and of American history. But in our popular   
   > narrative, the Civil War obscures such campaigns against   
   > American Indians. In fact, the war made such violence possible:   
   > The paltry Union Army of 1858, before its wartime expansion,   
   > could not have attacked, let alone removed, the fortified Navajo   
   > communities in the Four Corners, while Southern secession gave a   
   > powerful impetus to expand American territory westward.   
   > Territorial leaders like Evans were given more resources and   
   > power to negotiate with, and fight against, powerful Western   
   > tribes like the Shoshone, Cheyenne, Lakota and Comanche. The   
   > violence of this time was fueled partly by the lust for power by   
   > civilian and military leaders desperate to obtain glory and   
   > wartime recognition.   
   >   
   > Expansion continued after the war, powered by a revived American   
   > economy but also by a new spirit of national purpose, a sense   
   > that America, having suffered in the war, now had the right to   
   > conquer more peoples and territories.   
   >   
   > The United States has yet to fully recognize the violent   
   > destruction wrought against indigenous peoples by the Civil War   
   > and the Union Army. Connor and Evans have cities, monuments and   
   > plaques in their honor, as well as two universities and even   
   > Colorado's Mount Evans, home to the highest paved road in North   
   > America.   
   >   
   > Saturday's 150th anniversary will be commemorated many ways: The   
   > National Park Service's Sand Creek Massacre Historic Site, the   
   > descendant Cheyenne and Arapaho communities, other Native   
   > American community members and their non-Native supporters will   
   > commemorate the massacre. An annual memorial run will trace the   
   > route of Chivington's troops from Sand Creek to Denver, where an   
   > evening vigil will be held Dec. 2.   
   >   
   > The University of Denver and Northwestern are also reckoning   
   > with this legacy, creating committees that have recognized   
   > Evans's culpability. Like many academic institutions, both are   
   > deliberating how to expand Native American studies and student   
   > service programs. Yet the near-absence of Native American   
   > faculty members, administrators and courses reflects their   
   > continued failure to take more than partial steps.   
   >   
   > While the government has made efforts to recognize individual   
   > atrocities, it has a long way to go toward recognizing how   
   > deeply the decades-long campaign of eradication ran, let alone   
   > recognizing how, in the face of such violence, Native American   
   > nations and their cultures have survived. Few Americans know of   
   > the violence of this time, let alone the subsequent violation of   
   > Indian treaties, of reservation boundaries and of Indian   
   > families by government actions, including the half-century of   
   > forced removal of Indian children to boarding schools.   
   >   
   > One symbolic but necessary first step would be a National Day of   
   > Indigenous Remembrance and Survival, perhaps on Nov. 29, the   
   > anniversary of Sand Creek. Another would be commemorative   
   > memorials, not only in Denver and Evanston but in Washington,   
      
   [continued in next message]   
      
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