From: nomailings@nospicedham.trgzxcqvbe.cpm   
      
   On Wed, 20 Jan 2021 23:23:48 -0800   
   bilsch01  wrote:   
      
   > I read the x86 instruction reference. It is clear to me that pusha   
   > will decrement sp by 16. But it sounds like popa will increment sp by   
   > only 14. Is that correct?   
   >   
   > The text of the reference for popa says:   
   >   
   > Pops doublewords (POPAD) or words (POPA) from the stack into the   
   > general-purpose registers. The registers are loaded in the following   
   > order: EDI, ESI, EBP, EBX, EDX, ECX, and EAX (if the operand-size   
   > attribute is 32) and DI, SI, BP, BX, DX, CX, and AX (if the   
   > operand-size attribute is 16). (These instructions reverse the   
   > operation of the PUSHA/PUSHAD instructions.) The value on the stack   
   > for the ESP or SP register is ignored. Instead, the ESP or SP   
   > register is incremented after each register is loaded.   
   >   
      
   They just didn't mention ESP/SP:   
   https://www.sandpile.org/x86/sframe.htm   
      
      
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