From: santosh.k83@gmail.com   
      
   Nick Mudge wrote:   
      
   > Do compilers normally turn code into an assembly language and then run   
   > an assembler to to convert it into binary?   
      
   It really depends on the compiler and its language. Some do, some   
   don't.   
      
   > Or does the compiler make its own representation and itself turn the   
   > representation into object code?   
      
   This is what many compilers do. In fact the intermediate   
   representation is pretty much ubiquitous.   
      
   > How do assemblers turn assembly into object code?  Does the assembly   
   > author have to know the binary numbers to translate the assembly   
   > into?   
      
   In general both the compiler and the assembler need to know the   
   details of the target's object and code representations. So yes,   
   knowledge of instruction encodings, hexadecimal etc., are basic   
   requirements for a compiler or assembler author.   
      
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