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   support for the partition plan.[80] The US Senate was considering a   
   large aid package at the time, including 60 million dollars to   
   China.[81][82] Many nations reported pressure directed specifically at them:   
      
     United States (Vote: For): President Truman later noted, "The facts   
   were that not only were there pressure movements around the United   
   Nations unlike anything that had been seen there before, but that the   
   White House, too, was subjected to a constant barrage. I do not think I   
   ever had as much pressure and propaganda aimed at the White House as I   
   had in this instance. The persistence of a few of the extreme Zionist   
   leaders—actuated by political motives and engaging in political   
   threats—disturbed and annoyed me."[83]   
     India (Vote: Against): Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru spoke   
   with anger and contempt for the way the UN vote had been lined up. He   
   said the Zionists had tried to bribe India with millions and at the same   
   time his sister, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, the Indian ambassador to the UN,   
   had received daily warnings that her life was in danger unless "she   
   voted right".[84] Pandit occasionally hinted that something might change   
   in favour of the Zionists. But another Indian delegate, Kavallam   
   Pannikar, said that India would vote for the Arab side, because of their   
   large Muslim minority, although they knew that the Jews had a case.[85]   
     Liberia (Vote: For): Liberia's Ambassador to the United States   
   complained that the US delegation threatened aid cuts to several   
   countries.[86] Harvey S. Firestone, Jr., President of Firestone Natural   
   Rubber Company, with major holdings in the country, also pressured the   
   Liberian government[72][80]   
     Philippines (Vote: For): In the days before the vote, Philippines   
   representative General Carlos P. Romulo stated "We hold that the issue   
   is primarily moral. The issue is whether the United Nations should   
   accept responsibility for the enforcement of a policy which is clearly   
   repugnant to the valid nationalist aspirations of the people of   
   Palestine. The Philippines Government holds that the United Nations   
   ought not to accept such responsibility." After a phone call from   
   Washington, the representative was recalled and the Philippines' vote   
   changed.[80]   
     Haiti (Vote: For): The promise of a five million dollar loan may or   
   may not have secured Haiti's vote for partition.[87]   
     France (Vote: For): Shortly before the vote, France's delegate to the   
   United Nations was visited by Bernard Baruch, a long-term Jewish   
   supporter of the Democratic Party who, during the recent world war, had   
   been an economic adviser to President Roosevelt, and had latterly been   
   appointed by President Truman as United States ambassador to the newly   
   created UN Atomic Energy Commission. He was, privately, a supporter of   
   the Irgun and its front organization, the American League for a Free   
   Palestine. Baruch implied that a French failure to support the   
   resolution might block planned American aid to France, which was badly   
   needed for reconstruction, French currency reserves being exhausted and   
   its balance of payments heavily in deficit. Previously, to avoid   
   antagonising its Arab colonies, France had not publicly supported the   
   resolution. After considering the danger of American aid being withheld,   
   France finally voted in favour of it. So, too, did France's neighbours,   
   Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.[70]   
     Venezuela (Vote: For): Carlos Eduardo Stolk, Chairman of the   
   Delegation of Venezuela, voted in favor of Resolution 181 .[88]   
     Cuba (Vote: Against): The Cuban delegation stated they would vote   
   against partition "in spite of pressure being brought to bear against   
   us" because they could not be party to coercing the majority in   
   Palestine.[89]   
     Siam (Absent): The credentials of the Siamese delegations were   
   cancelled after Siam voted against partition in committee on 25   
   November.[71][90]   
   There is also some evidence that Sam Zemurray put pressure on several   
   "banana republics" to change their votes.[91]   
      
   Reports of pressure against the Plan   
   According to the Israeli historian Benny Morris, Wasif Kamal, an Arab   
   Higher Committee official, tried to bribe a delegate to the United   
   Nations, perhaps a Russian.[92]   
      
   Concerning the welfare of Jews in Arab countries, a number of direct   
   threats were made:   
      
   Jamal Husseini promised, "The blood will flow like rivers in the Middle   
   East".[93]   
   Iraq’s prime minister Nuri al-Said told British diplomats that if the   
   United Nations solution was not "satisfactory", "severe measures should   
   be taken against all Jews in Arab countries".[94]   
   Concerning the welfare of Jews in Arab countries, a number of   
   predictions were made:   
      
   '"On 24 November the head of the Egyptian delegation to the General   
   Assembly, Muhammad Hussein Heykal Pasha, said that "the lives of   
   1,000,000 Jews in Moslem countries would be jeopardized by the   
   establishment of a Jewish state."[95] At the 29th Meeting of the UN Ad   
   Hoc Committee on Palestine on 24 November 1947, Dr Heykal Pasha, the   
   Egyptian delegate, said, "if the U.N decide to amputate a part of   
   Palestine in order to establish a Jewish state, no force on earth could   
   prevent blood from flowing there… Moreover… no force on earth can   
   confine it to the borders of Palestine itself… Jewish blood will   
   necessarily be shed elsewhere in the Arab world… to place in certain and   
   serious danger a million Jews." Mahmud Bey Fawzi (Egypt) said: "…   
   imposed partition was sure to result in bloodshed in Palestine and in   
   the rest of the Arab world".[96]   
   In a speech at the General Assembly Hall at Flushing Meadow, New York,   
   on Friday, 28 November 1947, Iraq’s Foreign Minister, Fadel Jamall,   
   included the following statement: "Partition imposed against the will of   
   the majority of the people will jeopardize peace and harmony in the   
   Middle East. Not only the uprising of the Arabs of Palestine is to be   
   expected, but the masses in the Arab world cannot be restrained. The   
   Arab-Jewish relationship in the Arab world will greatly deteriorate.   
   There are more Jews in the Arab world outside of Palestine than there   
   are in Palestine. In Iraq alone, we have about one hundred and fifty   
   thousand Jews who share with Moslems and Christians all the advantages   
   of political and economic rights. Harmony prevails among Moslems,   
   Christians and Jews. But any injustice imposed upon the Arabs of   
   Palestine will disturb the harmony among Jews and non-Jews in Iraq; it   
   will breed inter-religious prejudice and hatred."[97]   
   The Arab states warned the Western Powers that endorsement of the   
   partition plan might be met by either or both an oil embargo and   
   realignment of the Arab states with the Soviet Bloc.[98]   
      
   Final vote   
      
   The 1947 meeting at the General Assembly meeting place between 1946 and   
   1951 in Flushing, New York   
   On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13,   
   with 10 abstentions and 1 absent, in favour of the modified Partition   
   Plan. The final vote, consolidated here by modern United Nations   
   Regional Groups rather than contemporary groupings, was as follows:[99]   
      
      
   How UN members voted on Palestine's partition in 1947   
      In favour   
      Abstained   
      Against   
      Absent   
   In favour (33 countries, 72% of total votes)   
   Latin American and Caribbean (13 countries):   
      
     Bolivia   
     Brazil   
     Costa Rica   
     Dominican Republic   
     Ecuador   
     Guatemala   
     Haiti   
     Nicaragua   
     Panama   
     Paraguay   
     Peru   
     Uruguay   
     Venezuela   
   Western European and Others (8 countries):   
      
      
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