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PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08
TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08
 Swimming secrets of prehistoric reptiles unlocked by new study 

  Date:
      April 18, 2023
  Source:
      University of Bristol
  Summary:
      The diverse swimming techniques of the ancient reptiles that ruled
      the Mesozoic seas have been revealed.


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FULL STORY
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Some of the most extraordinary body transformations in evolution have
occurred in animals that adapted to life in water from land-living
ancestors, such as modern whales, turtles and seals. During the Mesozoic,
from 252 to 66 million years ago, while the dinosaurs stomped about
on land, many groups of reptiles took to the seas, such as the iconic
ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, crocodiles and mosasaurs.


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In a new paper, published in the journal Palaeontology, a Bristol team of
palaeobiologists used state-of-the-art statistical methods to perform a
large- scale quantitative study, the first of its kind, on the locomotion
of Mesozoic marine reptiles.

The researchers collected measurements from 125 fossilised skeletons,
and used these to explore changes in swimming styles within lineages and
through time, discovering that there was no explosive radiation at the
beginning of the Mesozoic, but a gradual diversification of locomotory
modes, which peaked in the Cretaceous period.

Lead author Dr Susana Gutarra of Bristol's School of Earth Sciences
said: "Changes in anatomy in land-to-sea transitions are intimately
linked to the evolution of swimming. For example, sea lions' flippers
have relatively short forearm and large hands, very different from the
walking legs of their ancestors. The rich fossil record of Mesozoic
marine reptiles provided great opportunity to study these transitions
at a large scale."  Co-author Beatrice Heighton, said: "We included
measurements from living aquatic animals, such as otters, seals and
turtles, of which we know their swimming behaviour. This is very important
to provide a functional reference for the ancient species, with unknown
swimming modes."  In the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction, about
250 million years ago, various groups of reptiles became aquatic hunters,
populating the early Mesozoic seas.

Co-author Dr Tom Stubbs said: "After this devastating event, there was
a gradual diversification of locomotory modes, which contrasts with the
rapid radiation described previously for feeding strategies. This is
fascinating because it suggests a 'head-first' pattern of evolution in
certain lineages."  This paper sheds light into the swimming of specific
groups. Dr Ben Moon explained: "Ichthyosaurs were highly specialised
for aquatic locomotion from very early in their evolution. This includes
their close relatives, the hupehsuchians, which had a morphology unlike
any other known aquatic tetrapod.

Further, we see overlap between mosasaurs and ichthyosaurs, which is
indicative that mosasaurs evolved a swimming mode by oscillating flukes,
different from the eel-like body undulation suggested in the past.

"In contrast, we don't find evidence of convergence between
ichthyosaurs and metriorhynchids (the highly aquatic crocodyliform
thalattosuchians). This group retained quite primitive-looking hindlimbs,
which seems incompatible with swimming by fluke oscillation."  This study
also delves into the evolution of size, a feature related to locomotion,
animal physiology and ocean productivity. Professor Mike Benton said:
"We know that transition to life in water is usually accompanied by an
increase in body mass, as seen in cetaceans, and one of our previous
studies shows that large sizes benefit aquatic animals in reducing the
mass-specific costs of drag. Thus, it was essential to explore this
trait in the wider ensemble of Mesozoic marine reptiles."  Dr Gutarra
added: "Body size follows a similar trend to the diversification of
locomotory modes, and the widest spread of body size also occurred in the
Cretaceous, confirming a strong connection between the two. The rate of
increase and the maximum limits to body size seems to vary a lot between
groups. This is a fascinating observation. We need to explore further what
factors influence and limit the increase in body mass in each group."
This research was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council
(NERC) and the European Research Council (ERC).

    * RELATED_TOPICS
          o Plants_&_Animals
                # Marine_Biology # Sea_Life # Evolutionary_Biology
          o Earth_&_Climate
                # Ecology # Biodiversity # Water
          o Fossils_&_Ruins
                # Origin_of_Life # Evolution # Early_Mammals
    * RELATED_TERMS
          o Ichthyosaur o Mesozoic o Reptile o Turtle o
          Geology_of_the_Capitol_Reef_area o Egg_(biology) o Pangaea
          o Mesopotamia

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Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Bristol. Note: Content
may be edited for style and length.


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Journal Reference:
   1. Susana Gutarra, Thomas L. Stubbs, Benjamin C. Moon, Beatrice
   H. Heighton,
      Michael J. Benton. The locomotor ecomorphology of Mesozoic marine
      reptiles. Palaeontology, 2023; 66 (2) DOI: 10.1111/pala.12645
==========================================================================

Link to news story:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/04/230418101425.htm

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