MSGID: 1:317/3 647ac1fa
PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08
TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08
 Eventually everything will evaporate, not only black holes 

  Date:
      June 2, 2023
  Source:
      Radboud University Nijmegen
  Summary:
      New theoretical research has shown that Stephen Hawking was likely
      right about black holes, although not completely. Due to Hawking
      radiation, black holes will eventually evaporate, but the event
      horizon is not as crucial as had been believed. Gravity and the
      curvature of spacetime cause this radiation too. This means that
      all large objects in the universe, like the remnants of stars,
      will eventually evaporate.


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FULL STORY
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New theoretical research by Michael Wondrak, Walter van Suijlekom
and Heino Falcke of Radboud University has shown that Stephen Hawking
was right about black holes, although not completely. Due to Hawking
radiation, black holes will eventually evaporate, but the event horizon
is not as crucial as had been believed. Gravity and the curvature of
spacetime cause this radiation too. This means that all large objects
in the universe, like the remnants of stars, will eventually evaporate.

Using a clever combination of quantum physics and Einstein's theory
of gravity, Stephen Hawking argued that the spontaneous creation and
annihilation of pairs of particles must occur near the event horizon (the
point beyond which there is no escape from the gravitational force of a
black hole). A particle and its anti-particle are created very briefly
from the quantum field, after which they immediately annihilate. But
sometimes a particle falls into the black hole, and then the other
particle can escape: Hawking radiation. According to Hawking, this would
eventually result in the evaporation of black holes.

Spiral In this new study the researchers at Radboud University revisited
this process and investigated whether or not the presence of an event
horizon is indeed crucial. They combined techniques from physics,
astronomy and mathematics to examine what happens if such pairs of
particles are created in the surroundings of black holes. The study showed
that new particles can also be created far beyond this horizon. Michael
Wondrak: 'We demonstrate that, in addition to the well-known Hawking
radiation, there is also a new form of radiation.'  Everything evaporates
Van Suijlekom: 'We show that far beyond a black hole the curvature
of spacetime plays a big role in creating radiation. The particles
are already separated there by the tidal forces of the gravitational
field.' Whereas it was previously thought that no radiation was possible
without the event horizon, this study shows that this horizon is not
necessary.

Falcke: 'That means that objects without an event horizon, such as
the remnants of dead stars and other large objects in the universe,
also have this sort of radiation. And, after a very long period, that
would lead to everything in the universe eventually evaporating, just
like black holes. This changes not only our understanding of Hawking
radiation but also our view of the universe and its future.'  The study
was published on 2 June in the journal Physical Review Letters of the
American Physical Society (APS). Michael Wondrak is excellence fellow
at Radboud University and an expert in quantum field theory. Walter van
Suijlekom is a Professor of Mathematics at Radboud University and works
on the mathematical formulation of physics problems. Heino Falcke is an
award-winning Professor of Radio Astronomy and Astroparticle Physics at
Radboud University and known for his work on predicting and making the
first picture of a black hole.

    * RELATED_TOPICS
          o Space_&_Time
                # Black_Holes # Cosmic_Rays # Astrophysics # Astronomy #
                Galaxies # Sun # Stars # Big_Bang
    * RELATED_TERMS
          o Stephen_Hawking o Black_hole o Gravitational_wave o
          General_relativity o Holographic_Universe o Black_body o
          Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation o Astronomy

==========================================================================
Story Source: Materials provided by Radboud_University_Nijmegen. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


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Journal Reference:
   1. Michael F. Wondrak, Walter D. van Suijlekom, Heino
   Falcke. Gravitational
      Pair Production and Black Hole Evaporation. Submitted to Physical
      Review Letters, 2023 DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2305.18521
==========================================================================

Link to news story:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230602115051.htm

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