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 Viruses hidden in coral symbiont's genetic material are a potential
threat to reefs 

  Date:
      June 5, 2023
  Source:
      Oregon State University
  Summary:
      Microscopic algae that corals need for survival harbor a common
      and possibly disease-causing virus in their genetic material.


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FULL STORY
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Microscopic algae that corals need for survival harbor a common and
possibly disease-causing virus in their genetic material, an international
collaboration spearheaded by an Oregon State University researcher
has found.

The study, co-led by researchers in the OSU College of Science, sheds
new light on the threats faced by coral reefs, particularly as the
climate changes.

Findings were published in Communications Biology.

Researchers probed the genomes of corals' resident algae from samples
collected during the 2016-18 Tara Pacific Expedition, a 100,000-kilometer
scientific voyage that included more than 2,600 dives to study corals.

Corals are made up of interconnected animal hosts called polyps that
house microscopic algae inside their cells. The coral-algal symbiosis,
or partnership, is the foundation of the entire coral reef ecosystem;
the polyps receive food from the algae, and the polyps in turn provide
nutrients and protection to the algae.

Coral reefs are found in less than 1% of the ocean but are home to
nearly one- quarter of all known marine species. They also help regulate
the sea's carbon dioxide levels and are a crucial hunting ground that
scientists use in the search for new medicines.

Climate change is threatening the reefs in part because the symbiotic
algae, dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, can be stressed
by warming oceans to the point of dysbiosis -- a collapse of the
host-symbiont partnership, which results in a phenomenon known as coral
bleaching.

Likewise, viral infection can threaten these algae and the stability of
the symbiosis, said Kalia Bistolas, a postdoctoral scholar at Oregon
State. Now scientists have one explanation for how these interactions
might work.

"We found a very common RNA virus hidden within the genomes of coral
symbionts," said Bistolas, who co-led the study with OSU microbiology
researcher Rebecca Vega Thurber and Alex Veglia of Rice University.

What they discovered is a non-retroviral dinoflagellate-infecting +ssRNA
virus referred to as dinoRNAV. Unlike retroviruses, non-retroviruses
typically do not embed in a host's genome.

Nearly all organisms carry remnants of past viral infections within
their genomes, Bistolas said. Those remnants, known as endogenous viral
elements, are like a historical record of the viruses encountered,
and they can be passed from generation to generation.

"They are also like stealthy parasites," she said. "Sometimes, when
an organism is stressed, the viral genetic material can jump out of
an organism's genome and turn on its host. Finding a widespread RNA
virus in an algal coral symbiont illustrates the need to categorize
these hidden viruses in threatened ecosystems and also demonstrates one
pathway through which changing environmental stressors -- for example,
climate change -- could cause disease in corals."  The Tara Ocean
Foundation and the National Science Foundation supported this research,
which also included scientists from the University of Maine and multiple
international universities and laboratories.

    * RELATED_TOPICS
          o Plants_&_Animals
                # Virology # Marine_Biology # Microbes_and_More #
                Ecology_Research
          o Earth_&_Climate
                # Ecology # Coral_Reefs # Global_Warming #
                Environmental_Awareness
    * RELATED_TERMS
          o Virus o Vector_(biology) o Coral_reef o Coral o Pandemic o
          Seaweed o Common_Seal o Epstein-Barr_virus

==========================================================================
Story Source: Materials provided by Oregon_State_University. Original
written by Steve Lundeberg. Note: Content may be edited for style
and length.


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Journal Reference:
   1. Alex J. Veglia, Kalia S. I. Bistolas, Christian R. Voolstra,
   Benjamin C.

      C. Hume, Hans-Joachim Ruscheweyh, Serge Planes, Denis Allemand,
      Emilie Boissin, Patrick Wincker, Julie Poulain, Cle'mentine Moulin,
      Guillaume Bourdin, Guillaume Iwankow, Sarah Romac, Sylvain Agostini,
      Bernard Banaigs, Emmanuel Boss, Chris Bowler, Colomban de Vargas,
      Eric Douville, Michel Flores, Didier Forcioli, Paola Furla,
      Pierre E. Galand, Eric Gilson, Fabien Lombard, Ste'phane Pesant,
      Ste'phanie Reynaud, Shinichi Sunagawa, Olivier P. Thomas, Romain
      Trouble', Didier Zoccola, Adrienne M.

      S. Correa, Rebecca L. Vega Thurber. Endogenous viral elements reveal
      associations between a non-retroviral RNA virus and symbiotic
      dinoflagellate genomes. Communications Biology, 2023; 6 (1) DOI:
      10.1038/ s42003-023-04917-9
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Link to news story:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230605181350.htm

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