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 Planting seeds: Researchers dig into how chemical gardens grow 

  Date:
      July 3, 2023
  Source:
      Florida State University
  Summary:
      Until now, researchers have been unable to model how deceptively
      simple tubular structures -- called chemical gardens -- work and
      the patterns and rules that govern their formation. Researchers
      now lay out a model that explains how these structures grow upward,
      form different shapes and how they go from a flexible, self-healing
      material to a more brittle one.


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FULL STORY
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Since the mid-1600s, chemists have been fascinated with brightly colored,
coral-like structures that form by mixing metal salts in a small bottle.

Until now, researchers have been unable to model how these deceptively
simple tubular structures -- called chemical gardens -- work and the
patterns and rules that govern their formation.

In a paper published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences, Florida State University researchers lay out a model that
explains how these structures grow upward, form different shapes and
how they go from a flexible, self-healing material to a more brittle one.

"In a materials context, it's very interesting," said FSU Professor
of Chemistry and Biochemistry Oliver Steinbock. "They don't grow
like crystals. A crystal has nice sharp corners and grows atom layer
by atom layer. And when a hole occurs in a chemical garden, it's
self-healing. These are really early steps in learning how to make
materials that can reconfigure and repair themselves."  Typically,
chemical gardens form when metal salt particles are put in a silicate
solution. The dissolving salt reacts with the solution to create a
semipermeable membrane that ejects upward in the solution, creating a
biological-looking structure, similar to coral.

Scientists observed chemical gardens for the first time in 1646 and
for years have been fascinated with their interesting formations. The
chemistry is related to the formation of hydrothermal vents and the
corrosion of steel surfaces where insoluble tubes can form.

"People realized these were peculiar things," Steinbock said. "They have
a very long history in chemistry. It became more like a demonstration
experiment, but in the past 10-20 years, scientists became interested
in them again."  Inspiration for the mathematical model developed by
Steinbock, along with postdoctoral researcher Bruno Batista and graduate
student Amari Morris, came from experiments that steadily injected a salt
solution into a larger volume of silicate solution between two horizontal
plates. These showed distinct growth modes and that the material starts
off as stretchy, but as it ages, the material becomes more rigid and
tends to break.

The confinement between two layers allowed the researchers to simulate
a number of different shape patterns, some looking like flowers, hair,
spirals and worms.

In their model, the researchers described how these patterns emerge
over the course of the chemical garden's development. Salt solutions can
vary a lot in chemical makeup, but their model explains the universality
in formation.

For example, the patterns can consist of loose particles, folded
membranes, or self-extending filaments. The model also validated
observations that fresh membranes expand in response to microbreaches,
demonstrating the material's self-healing capabilities.

"The good thing we got is we got into the essence of what is needed to
describe the shape and growth of chemical gardens," Batista said.

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Journal Reference:
   1. Bruno C. Batista, Amari Z. Morris, Oliver Steinbock. Pattern
   selection by
      material aging: Modeling chemical gardens in two and three
      dimensions.

      Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2023; 120 (28)
      DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305172120
==========================================================================

Link to news story:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/07/230703155932.htm

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