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The ARRL Letter

March 3, 2016
Editor: Rick Lindquist, WW1ME

 *  US Amateur Radio Numbers Continue to Soar
 *  ARRL Chief Operating Officer Harold Kramer, WJ1B, Retires
 *  ARISS Celebrates its 1000th Educational Amateur Radio Contact with Video
 *  ARRL Teachers Institute on Wireless Technology Announces 2016 Schedule
 *  National Parks on the Air Update
 *  ARES Groups, Individual Hams Support Army and Air Force MARS
    Communications Exercise
 *  Armed Forces Day 2016 Communication Test to Include Direct Military-Ham
    Contact on 60 Meters
 *  Regulators Attend Amateur Radio Administration Course in Mexico City
 *  Texas to Host US ARDF Championships in April
 *  "Frequency" TV Series Now Planned for The CW Network
 *  First Solid-State Transmitter to Span the Atlantic Now Part of ARRL
    Historical Collection
 *  Getting It Right!
 *  In Brief...
 *  The K7RA Solar Update
 *  Just Ahead in Radiosport
 *  Upcoming ARRL Section, State, and Division Conventions and Events


US Amateur Radio Numbers Continue to Soar

Amateur Radio is alive and well! Growth in the US continued in 2015, with a
record 735,405 licensees in the FCC's Universal Licensing System (ULS)
database by the end of the year. That's up 9130 over December 2014, a 1.2
percent rise, continuing a steady increase in the US Amateur Radio population
in every year since 2007. In 2014, the ranks grew by a net 8149 licensees. The
figures, compiled by ARRL Pacific Section Manager-elect Joe Speroni, AH0A, on
his FCC Amateur Radio Statistics web pages, exclude expired licenses within
the 2-year grace period and club station licenses.
Over the past 10 years, the Amateur Radio population in the US has expanded by
72,805 licensees -- or nearly 11 percent.

As expected, the biggest growth by license class was in Technician licensees,
which rose by 6570 in 2015. Technician licensees still comprise a little less
than one-half of the US Amateur Radio population.


General ranks increased by 3079, and Amateur Extra numbers went up by 3496.

The 2015 overall numbers faltered a little in April, before rebounding in
July. The introduction of a new General class question pool on July 1 appeared
to have only a slight effect on month-to-month numbers in that license class.
ARRL VEC Manager Maria Somma, AB1FM, said 2015 was another banner year for
ARRL VEC-sponsored test sessions.

"For the second year in a row, we have conducted more than 7000 Amateur Radio
exam sessions in a year, an important milestone for the ARRL VEC," she said.
"A total of 7358 ARRL-sponsored exam sessions were administered in 2015,
compared to 7216 in 2014. The number of exam applicants was down slightly in
2015, compared to the previous year, and the number of examination elements
administered also dipped slightly, she noted.

"Since 2014 was a record-setting year, the numbers of 2015 examinees didn't
drop so much as return to more typical levels," Somma explained.

As of December 31, some 47,850 Advanced and 10,800 Novice licensees remained
in the FCC database. The FCC no longer issues Advanced and Novice licenses,
and their numbers continue to decline. -- Thanks to Joe Speroni, AH0A; FCC ULS
licensing statistics


ARRL Chief Operating Officer Harold Kramer, WJ1B, Retires

On February 26, the ARRL Headquarters staff bid farewell and a happy
retirement to Chief Operating Officer Harold Kramer, WJ1B, as he wrapped up 11
years at ARRL Headquarters. His last official day on the job was March 1. At a
retirement party, staff members presented Kramer with an antique clock from a
Waterbury, Connecticut, clock maker -- a particularly fitting gift, as he was
born in Waterbury.

"I was glad to have him as a colleague and a friend," said ARRL CEO David
Sumner, K1ZZ -- who will depart ARRL Headquarters himself on April 18, after
more than 4 decades. Sumner cited several of Kramer's contributions during his
"one sunspot cycle" on the staff. These included arranging for some League
publications to be published in Chinese in China, digital publishing --
especially books on Kindle, recruiting authors of new publications, and his
participation in the development of the League's new Strategic Plan.

Sumner also noted that Kramer took the initiative to organize the W1Q special
event marking the 100th anniversary of QST in 2015.

ARRL Marketing Manager Bob Inderbitzen, NQ1R, praised Kramer for making the
League and its programs more visible to members. "Through his 'Inside HQ'
column, hundreds of personal tours, loads of hamfest and convention travel,
radio club meetings, and shaking a lot of hands -- Harold packaged the
contributions of ARRL and every staff person, and delivered that story to
members, prospective members, and loads of friends and visitors," Inderbitzen
said.

Kramer said he is proud of what he and the ARRL Headquarters staff
accomplished together during his tenure, including the response to Hurricane
Katrina. He also cited the upgraded ARRL website and the League's enhanced
presence in digital publishing -- including a digital edition of QST.

"One of the things that I am most proud of was being the co-chairman of the
Centennial Convention -- one of the best-ever ham radio conventions, and the
centennial QSO Party -- the largest operating event in ham radio history,"
Kramer told the staff.

As for his plans, Kramer, whose principal focus has been on emergency
communication, said he's hoping to finally put up the tower and beam he's been
talking about for the past decade and may even return to the Connecticut Field
Organization, where he was once an EC. A book and some QST articles are
definite possibilities, he added.

"You have been a great group to get to know and to work with," Kramer said.
"I've been proud to call you my colleagues."


ARISS Celebrates its 1000th Educational Amateur Radio Contact with Video

Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS), the first-ever ISS
payload activated by the crew, is gearing up for its 1000th educational ham
radio contact in March. A video jointly produced by ARRL, NASA, and AMSAT,
titled, "Celebrating the 1000th Contact," has been posted on YouTube.

ARISS celebrated 15 years of a permanent ham radio presence in space last
December. In 2000, several pupils and a teacher got to chat on 2 meters with
the first ISS Commander, William "Shep" Shepherd, KD5GSL. Since that first
ARISS school contact, astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the station have talked
with students in 44 states in the US and in 51 other countries.


ARISS anticipates the 1000th educational radio contact will occur during March.

On an application basis, ARISS organizes scheduled Amateur Radio contacts
between ISS crew members and students at a school or less-formal education
venue. Experienced Amateur Radio volunteers work with ARISS and individual
schools to handle the technical aspects. Through these radio contacts,
students, educators, parents, and communities learn about space, space
technologies, and Amateur Radio.

ARISS touches tens of thousands of students per year. One ARISS goal is to
inspire an interest among young people in science, technology, engineering,
and math (STEM) subjects and in STEM careers. Another is to provide an
educational opportunity for students, teachers, and the public to learn about
space exploration and satellites, as well as about wireless technology and
radio science through Amateur Radio.


ARISS Online Information Session

The ARISS program coordinator will offer an online information session on
March 10 at 7 PM ET for schools and organizations interested in hosting an
Amateur Radio contact with a member of the International Space Station crew.
The hour-long session is aimed at providing additional details regarding US
ARISS contacts and the proposal process. There will be an opportunity to ask
questions. Advance registration is required. Contact ARISS to sign up.

Prospective ARISS contact sponsors are not required to attend an online
information session, but they are strongly encouraged to do so.


ARRL Teachers Institute on Wireless Technology Announces 2016 Schedule

The deadline is May 1 for educators to apply for a spot in this summer's ARRL
Teachers Institute on Wireless Technology sessions. These educational
opportunities are offered by the ARRL Education & Technology Program (ETP).
Two introductory sessions and one advanced session are scheduled. The
Introduction to Wireless Technology course (TI-1) will be presented June 20-24
at Parallax Inc in Rocklin, California, and July 25-29 at ARRL Headquarters in
Newington, Connecticut. The advanced Remote Sensing and Data Gathering course
(TI-2) will be offered July 18-21 at the Dayton Amateur Radio Association in
Dayton, Ohio. The TI-1 course is a prerequisite to TI-2. An article in the
March 2016 issue of QST offers more details about each 4-day course, or visit
the ARRL Teachers Institute on Wireless Technology page on the ARRL website.

Now in its 13th year, the ARRL Teachers Institute is an expenses-paid,
intensive professional development opportunity for educators who want to
receive training and resources to explore wireless technology in the classroom
and integrate science and math with engineering and technology.

Applicants must be teaching in a school, college, or professional educational
organization serving grade levels 4-12+, or leading a school-affiliated
enrichment program in an official capacity.

Visit the ARRL website for more information, and to download and complete an
application and the pre-workshop survey.

Donations to support the ARRL's efforts to promote Amateur Radio in schools
and to provide professional development to education are welcome.


National Parks on the Air Update

National Parks on the Air (NPOTA) statistics for the end of February show that
momentum for the year-long event continues. More than 136,000 NPOTA contacts
have been made from 311 NPOTA units, in more than 1500 qualified activations!
National Scenic and Historic Trails continue to be the most-activated units.
The Appalachian Trail is the biggest favorite, with 34 valid activations,
while the Santa Fe National Historic Trail has the most number of QSOs made
from an NPS unit -- 3533. For you NPOTA Honor Roll chasers, 34 of the 59
National Parks have had Amateur Radio activity since January 1.

SSB is by far the most popular mode, with 88.4 percent of all NPOTA QSOs made
with a microphone. CW comes in a very distant second, with 10.3 percent, and
digital at 1.2 percent.

There are 26 NPOTA activations listed for March 3-9, including Cabrillo
National Monument in California (MN09), and the Lincoln Boyhood National
Memorial in Indiana (NM15).

Details about these and other upcoming activations can be found on the NPOTA
Activations calendar.

Keep up with the latest NPOTA news on Facebook. Follow NPOTA on Twitter
(@ARRL_NPOTA).


ARES Groups, Individual Hams Support Army and Air Force MARS Communications
Exercise

On February 12, more than 300 Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) members
and individual radio amateurs participated in the first quarterly Military
Auxiliary Radio System (MARS) US Department of Defense communications exercise
of 2016 (COMEX 16-1). US Army and Air Force MARS operators across the US,
Europe, and the Pacific took part in the 12-hour Department of Defense (DOD)
contingency HF communication exercise, which simulated a widespread loss of
telephone and Internet communication across the US. MARS operators reached out
to ARES members and individual hams in as many US counties as possible to
obtain status reports via radio.

"The purpose of the exercise was to give MARS operators the opportunity to
demonstrate their proficiency in responding to DOD requests for simulated
emergency situational awareness reports from counties across the United
States," Army MARS Program Manager Paul English, WD8DBY, explained. "DOD and
the MARS leadership want to thank the more than 300 Amateur Radio operators
who assisted in making this exercise a success by providing local county
information using VHF, UHF, and NVIS HF voice communications."

English said the supported Department of Defense headquarters entities "were
very pleased with the outcome of the exercise, and especially with the number
of Amateur Radio stations that participated on a weekday and the number of
unique county reports received over the 12-hour period." After eliminating
duplicates, English said, MARS received 312 county status reports.

The exercise aimed in part to develop local-level working relationships
between MARS operators and ARES groups and individual radio amateurs and
clubs, English said.


Armed Forces Day 2016 Communication Test to Include Direct Military-Ham
Contact on 60 Meters

This year's Armed Forces Day Crossband Communication Test on Saturday, May 14,
will include a significant new wrinkle: Select military stations will be using
60 meter interoperability channels to communicate directly with Amateur Radio
stations on the band. Back this year, select military stations will use
crossband Automatic Link Establishment (2G ALE) communication as well as
MIL-STD Serial PSK to send the Secretary of Defense Armed Forces Day message.
Armed Forces Day 2016 is Saturday, May 21, but the radio event is held earlier
to avoid conflicting with Dayton Hamvention, May 20-22.

The annual Armed Forces Day Communication Test is an opportunity to exercise
two-way communication capability between Amateur Radio and military stations
using a variety of modes, including SSB and CW as well as digital modes. The
annual event gives participants -- including shortwave listeners (SWLs) -- an
opportunity to demonstrate their technical skills, and to receive recognition
from the appropriate military radio station.

The Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard cosponsor the joint
military/Amateur Radio, with military stations transmitting on military
frequencies and listening on Amateur Radio bands.

Amateur Radio stations and shortwave listeners interested in trying the
MIL-STD Serial PSK mode can download the software program, MS-DMT.

Full details about this year's Armed Forces Day radio will be posted by April
12 and will also appear on the US Army MARS Facebook page.


Regulators Attend Amateur Radio Administration Course in Mexico City

Telecommunications regulators from Mexico and Belize attended an Amateur Radio
Administration Course (ARAC) February 17-19 in Mexico City. International
Amateur Radio Union Region 2 (IARU R2), the Mexican Federation of Radio
Amateurs (FMRE), and the ARRL sponsored the sessions.

Presiding at the opening ceremony was Rafael Eslava Herrada, who heads the
Concessions and Services Unit of Mexico's telecoms regulator, the Federal
Institute of Telecommunications (IFT).

Among others, course topics included:

 *  Organization of the ITU and the IARU
 *  Nature of Amateur Radio Services
 *  ITU Radio Regulations
 *  Amateur Radio Activities and Allocations
 *  How Society Can Benefit from Amateur Radio
 *  National Licensing and Regulations
 *  Amateur Radio Examinations
 *  Emergency Communications
 *  Satellites and the Amateur Satellite Service
 *  Electromagnetic Compatibility

Regulators from the Public Utilities Commission of Belize and Mexico's IFT
attended the classroom sessions. The objective of the course is for regulators
to be able to help create, administer, and foster an Amateur Radio Service
within their home countries. The ARAC is designed for those who regulate and
manage Amateur Radio, and it was taught in both English and Spanish.


Texas to Host US ARDF Championships in April

The US championships of Amateur Radio Direction Finding (ARDF) return to the
Lone Star State this spring. Sponsored by Texas ARDF and the Austin
Orienteering Club (AOC), the event will take place April 7-10 near Killeen,
Texas. On-foot foxhunting fans of all skill levels will gather for 4 days of
intense competition.

National ARDF championships typically take place in the late summer or early
fall, but because the ARDF World Championships in Bulgaria take place in early
September this year, the national event is being held in April to provide
plenty of time to select Team USA members and to make travel arrangements.

An optional training day just prior to the championships on Wednesday, April
6, will feature an 80 meter short course. Thursday, April 7, will be devoted
to foxoring, a combination of radio direction finding and classic
orienteering, on 80 meters. Friday morning will be the formal 80 meter sprint
event, followed by a catered lunch, competitor meeting, and model event for
equipment testing.

Classic 2 meter and 80 meter competitions will take place on Saturday and
Sunday, respectively. An awards banquet on Saturday evening will honor winners
of the foxoring, sprint, and 2 meter classic events. Awards for the 80 meter
classic event will be given Sunday afternoon, immediately following the
competition.

Lead organizers, event hosts, and course planners are Jennifer and Kenneth
Harker, W5JEN and WM5R, assisted by members of the Austin Orienteering Club.

Stateside winners of the US championships will be considered for membership in
ARDF Team USA, which will travel to Albena, Bulgaria for the 18th ARDF World
Championships.

Full details are on the Texas ARDF website. -- Thanks to ARRL ARDF Coordinator
Joe Moell, K0OV


"Frequency" TV Series Now Planned for The CW Network

The buzz from Hollywood is that a TV series based on the 2000 movie
"Frequency" is in development and -- appropriately enough for a show featuring
ham radio -- on The CW network. Amateur Radio served as a plot device in the
movie and will play the same role in the TV series.

In November 2014, The Hollywood Reporter indicated that NBC had committed to a
"Frequency" series, but those plans apparently fell by the wayside. Now, The
CW has ordered a pilot episode of "Frequency," and, if the network does go
forward with the project, the modern-day version of "Frequency," the TV
series, would feature a young female police detective named Raimy, who uses
ham radio to communicate through time with her deceased father.

Actress Peyton List is said to have landed to role of Raimy, reprising Jim
Caviezel's movie character. Riley Smith would play her father.

When the original "Frequency" movie debuted, the ham radio theme and the
chance to see vintage ham gear and real, glowing vacuum tubes on the big
screen generated considerable interest within the community of "boatanchor"
enthusiasts. ARRL worked with the film's producers.


First Solid-State Transmitter to Span the Atlantic Now Part of ARRL Historical
Collection

A flea-powered transistor ham transmitter built in the 1950s and later used to
make a transatlantic contact has become part of the ARRL Historical
Collection. The noteworthy historical artifact was donated by Andy Stewart,
KB1OIQ, on behalf of the estate of Gus Fallgren, W1OG (SK), the ham who was at
the key for the momentous event. Fallgren -- then W1OGU -- and two other
Raytheon engineers, Al "Hank" Hankinson, W1OSF, and Dick Wright, W1UBC, built
the little transmitter in the summer of 1956 on a lark, to see if they could
achieve Worked All Continents (WAC) with it. The 20 meter, 78 mW transmitter
was designed around a pair of Raytheon 2N113 transistors -- one as a 7 MHz
oscillator, the other as a frequency-doubling power amplifier. On September
18, 1956, Fallgren, in Chelmsford, Massachusetts, running the transistor
transmitter into a three-element wide-spaced Yagi, worked OZ7BO in Copenhagen,
Denmark. His signal report was 339.

The transmitter was the first to run Raytheon transistors on 20 meters. Hams
had previously constructed low-power, solid-state transmitters for 40 meters
and made contacts spanning up to 800 miles. Fallgren's 3800-mile contact
worked out to approximately 47,500 miles per watt.

Raytheon documented the historic contact in the February 1957 edition of Radio
and Television News -- with a feature banner and cover photo of W1OGU in his
shack with the battery-powered transistor transmitter -- and it was reported
in other publications as well, including Raytheon's own publication and the
Boston Globe. A November 1956 QST "Stray" reported that Fallgren had "worked
KP4, TI2, OZ7, and G3, and has reportedly been heard in VK" with the little
rig, and included a photo.

Assistant ARRL Laboratory Manager Bob Allison, WB1GCM, staff liaison to the
ARRL Historical Committee, accepted the donation and thanked Stewart for
arranging it.


Getting It Right!

Getting It Right! In "Article Profiles First African-American Radio Amateur,
Rufus Turner, W3LF," which appeared in the February 25 edition of The ARRL
Letter, we inadvertently -- and incorrectly -- added an "A" to the designation
of the diode Mr Turner helped to develop. The diode the article refers to is
the 1N34, not the later 1N34A, which typically had a hermetically sealed glass
envelope. Thanks to Frank Donovan, W3LPL, for spotting this error.


In Brief...

List of US House Amateur Radio Parity Act Cosponsors Continues to Grow: Three
more members of the US House of Representatives have stepped forward to
cosponsor The Amateur Radio Parity Act, H.R. 1301. That brings the total to
123. The latest to sign on are Reps Evan Jenkins (R-WV), Stephen Knight
(R-CA), and Charles Boustany Jr (R-LA). In a voice vote on February 11, the US
House Subcommittee on Communications and Technology, chaired by Rep Greg
Walden, W7EQI, sent H.R. 1301 to the full House Energy and Commerce Committee
with a favorable report for further consideration. More information on The
Amateur Radio Parity Act is on the ARRL website.


Winter 2016 Edition of Radio Waves Now Available: The winter 2016 edition of
ARRL's Radio Waves newsletter for Amateur Radio license instructors and radio
science educators is now available. Some of the articles in this issue
include, "In-Depth Licensing Class Probes Electronics;" "Exploring Complex
Concepts through Electronic Kit Building;" "Two Schools Experience ARISS
Impact;" "West Chester Amateur Radio Association on Hand for Pi Day," and
"Youth Nets." In addition, the Instructor Corner offers resources for
classroom and licensing instruction, and there's news of the ARRL Education &
Technology Program, a calendar of upcoming events, and more.


ARRL VEC Applications, Session Scheduling Getting Back on Track: A computer
program issue that was preventing the ARRL VEC from managing and posting its
schedule of future examination sessions and
transmitting application data from completed sessions to the FCC has been
resolved, and the backlog is being cleared. "The ARRL IT Department has our
system is back up and running," ARRL VEC Manager Maria Somma, AB1FM, said on
March 2. "ARRL VEC has begun to transmit into FCC Electronic Batch Filing
system the approximately 200 exam sessions that were waiting in the queue. It
may take a few days to get through the entire backlog." Since the problem
surfaced on February 22, the system had worked "sporadically," Somma said,
allowing a few test sessions to make it to the FCC for processing.

____________________________________________________________________________


The K7RA Solar Update

Tad Cook, K7RA, Seattle, reports: Average daily sunspot numbers were
marginally higher over our reporting week (February 25-March 2) than during
the previous 7 days -- rising from 37.9 to 41.4. Average daily solar flux was
down by just one point, to 92.9. The average planetary A index dipped from
10.1 to 5.9, and the average mid-latitude A index declined from 12.6 to 5.3.

Predicted solar flux for the near term is 100 on March 3; 105 on March 4-5;
110 on March 6-10; 105 on March 11-13; 100 on March 14-15; 95 on March 16-20,
and bottoming out at 90 on March 21-26. Flux values then peak at 115 on March
30-31.

The planetary A index prediction shows 8 on March 3-4; 12, 20, 15, 10, and 5
on March 5-9; 8 on March 10-11; 5 on March 12, and 12 on March 13. The
predicted A index then makes a huge jump to 30 on March 14-16. This is perhaps
the result of a recurring coronal hole, because on April 10-12 the A index
again goes to 30. Note that there were similar numbers -- 38, 34 and 29 -- for
February 17, 18 and 19.

Sunspot numbers for February 25 through March 2 were 26, 41, 37, 38, 44, 39,
and 65, with a mean of 41.4. The 10.7 centimeter flux was 91.7, 89, 90.4,
93.2, 90.9, 96.8, and 98.2, with a mean of 92.9. Estimated planetary A indices
were 5, 7, 4, 4, 5, 9, and 7, with a mean of 5.9. Estimated mid-latitude A
indices were 6, 5, 3, 4, 4, 8, and 7, with a mean of 5.3.

This week's bulletin will look at changes in our 3-month moving averages of
sunspot numbers, which should indicate the further decline in the current
solar cycle. We'll also have a quantitative report from NP3A on band-by-band
changes in CW Skimmer logs between the ARRL International DX Contest 2015 and
2016 numbers.

Send me your reports and observations.

____________________________________________________________________________


Just Ahead in Radiosport

 *  March 5 -- Wake-Up! QRP Sprint (CW)
 *  March 5-6 -- ARRL International DX Contest (SSB)
 *  March 5-6 -- Open Ukraine RTTY Championship
 *  March 6 -- UBA Spring Contest (CW)
 *  March 6 -- DARC 10-Meter Digital Contest
 *  March 6 -- SARL 40 Meter Simulated Emergency (SSB)
 *  March 7 -- RSGB 80 Meter Club Championship (Digital)
 *  March 8 -- ARS Spartan Sprint (CW)
 *  March 9-13 -- AWA John Rollins Memorial DX Test (CW)

See the ARRL Contest Calendar for more information. For in-depth reporting on
Amateur Radio contesting, subscribe to The ARRL Contest Update via your ARRL
member profile e-mail preferences.

____________________________________________________________________________


Upcoming ARRL Section, State, and Division Conventions and Events

 *  March 4-5 -- Alabama Section Convention, Birmingham, Alabama
 *  March 11-12 -- Louisiana State Convention, Rayne, Louisiana
 *  March 18-19 -- South Texas Section Convention, Rosenburg, Texas
 *  March 19 -- West Texas Section Convention, Midland, Texas
 *  March 19 -- MicroHAMS Digital Conference, Redmond, Washington
 *  March 25-26 -- Maine State Convention, Lewiston, Maine
 *  April 2 -- Delta Division Convention, Fort Smith, Arkansas
 *  April 2 -- North Carolina Section Convention, Raleigh, North Carolina
 *  April 8-9 -- Oklahoma State Convention, Claremore, Oklahoma
 *  April 9-10 -- Communications Academy, Seattle, Washington
 *  April 15-17 -- International DX Convention, Visalia, California
 *  April 15-17 -- VHF Super Conference, Sterling, Virginia
 *  April 16 -- Delaware State Convention, Georgetown, Delaware
 *  April 22-24 -- Idaho State Convention, Boise, Idaho
 *  April 23 -- Aurora '16 Conference, White Bear Lake, Minnesota
 *  April 23 -- Nebraska State Convention, Lincoln, Nebraska
 *  April 29-May 1 -- Nevada State Convention, Las Vegas, Nevada
 *  May 13-15 -- Rocky Mountain Division Convention, Keystone, Colorado
 *  May 14 -- Iowa State Convention, Boone, Iowa
 *  May 20-22 -- Dayton Hamvention, Dayton, Ohio

Find conventions and hamfests in your area.

____________________________________________________________________________


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Always Mount a Scratch Monkey

... MIXED EMOTIONS: When your kid gets an "A" in sex ed class.
---
 * Origin:  (1:3634/12.73)