From: nobody@microsoft.com   
      
   In humans there are two types of immunity, innate and acquired. Malfunctions   
   of the innate immune system can lead to autoimmune disease. The innate   
   system has the ability to distinguish between self and other at the cellular   
   level. For organ transplant surgery innate immunity needs to be knocked down   
   with immunosuppressive drugs. During the Covid-19 pandemic all organ   
   transplant surgery is cancelled. 'Covid-19' is the name of the disease and   
   'Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS-CoV-2) is the name   
   of the virus. This is like the distinction between AIDS and HIV. SARS-CoV-2   
   is an RNA virus like HIV or Ebola. In China brave medical scientists (some   
   of whom died) sequenced the genome of SARS-CoV-2 with modern technology.   
   This took 24 hours and $100. There are four trans-membrane 'coat' proteins   
   that facilitate attachment to and entry into lung cells. I recently rebuilt   
   my graphics PC. This took seven months because according to Murphy's Law,   
   'everything that could go wrong did go wrong'. It has a GTX 950 GPU. I am   
   now running 'Folding@Home' software (this is a global effort) to solve the   
   structure of these coat proteins. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells by endocytosis,   
   fusion of its membrane with that of the cell.   
      
   There is a test for SARS-CoV-2 virus. It gives only +/- results, no idea of   
   titer or amount of virus. A test for human antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 has been   
   announced. Only after inflammation can antibodies be produced. Some drugs   
   under clinical trials may reduce exponential growth in the body and   
   symptoms. There is no assurance that human antibodies are produced. When   
   vaccines come available in 6 to 18 months everyone should seek vaccination   
   no questions asked. There is a serological clinical trial of blood from a   
   recovered person to give 'passive' immunity to two other persons. Killed   
   viral particles acting as antigens might make human antibodies in another.   
   This is not ideal. However, structural NMR of those human antibodies may   
   give valuable information to science.   
      
   The ideal solution to the pandemic is to produce and test antigens from   
   those four coat proteins via recombinant genetic protein expression systems.   
   Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are your friend and savior. All   
   potential vaccines should  be tested. Even a blend of four antigens may be   
   the vaccine.  Such antigens induce human antibodies without causing disease   
      
   From:   
   Morris, Biology How Life works   
      
   Thousands of viruses have been described in detail, and probably   
   millions more have yet to be discovered. It has been estimated that life   
   on Earth is host to 10^31 virus particles-ten hundred thousand million   
   more virus particles than grains of sand! Most of these viruses infect   
   bacteria, archaeons, and unicellular eukaryotes, and they are especially   
   abundant in the ocean (10^11 viruses per liter). Viruses are small,   
   consisting of little more than a genome in a package, and they can   
   reproduce only by hijacking host-cell functions, but as a group they   
   have had amazing evolutionary success.   
      
   =========================================   
      
   Unlike forms of cellular life, there is no evidence that all viruses   
   share a single common ancestor. Different types of virus may have   
   evolved independently more than once. Because classification of viruses   
   based on evolutionary relatedness is not possible, other criteria are   
   necessary. One of the most useful classifications is the type of nucleic   
   acid the virus contains and how the messenger RNA, which produces viral   
   proteins, is synthesized. The classification is called the Baltimore   
   system, which was named after David Baltimore, who devised it.   
      
   =========================================   
      
   Where do viruses come from? There is much scientific speculation. See:   
      
   Are World Pandemics Connected to Solar Activity?   
      
   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VielSUhG-40   
      
   Anton Petrov   
      
   Published on Apr 2, 2020   
      
   ///   
      
   Norm X, Ph.D.   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)