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   XPost: az.general, az.politics   
   From: michelle@michelle.org   
      
   1:  The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed into   
   law by Chester A. Arthur on May 8, 1882, following revisions made in 1880   
   to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to   
   suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement   
   the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10   
   years.   
      
   At first, when surface gold was plentiful, the Chinese were well tolerated   
   and well-received. As gold became harder to find and competition increased,   
   animosity toward the Chinese and other foreigners increased. After being   
   forcibly driven from the mines, most Chinese settled in enclaves in cities,   
   mainly San Francisco, and took up low end wage labor such as restaurant   
   work and laundry. With the post Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s,   
   anti-Chinese animosity became politicized by labor   
   leader Dennis Kearney and his Workingman's Party as well as by California   
   GovernorJohn Bigler, both of whom blamed Chinese "coolies" for depressed   
   wage levels. Another significant anti-Chinese group organized in   
   California during this same era was the Supreme Order of Caucasians with   
   some 64 chapters statewide   
      
      
   2:  Japanese-American internment was the forced relocation   
   and internment by the United States government in 1942 of approximately   
   110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese residing along the Pacific coast of   
   the United States to camps called "War Relocation Camps," in the wake   
   of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The internment of Japanese   
   Americans was applied unequally throughout the United States. Japanese   
   Americans residing on the West Coast of the United States were all   
   interned, whereas in Hawaii, where more than 150,000 Japanese Americans   
   composed nearly a third of that territory's population, 1,200 to 1,800   
   Japanese Americans were interned. Of those interned, 62% wereAmerican   
   citizens.   
      
   President Franklin Delano Roosevelt authorized the internment   
   with Executive Order 9066 on February 19, 1942, which allowed local   
   military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones,"   
   from which "any or all persons may be excluded." This power was used to   
   declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire   
   Pacific coast, including all of California and most of Oregon and   
   Washington, except for those in internment camps. In 1944, the Supreme   
   Court upheld the constitutionality of the exclusion orders, while noting   
   that the provisions that singled out people of Japanese ancestry were a   
   separate issue outside the scope of the proceedings. The United States   
   Census Bureau assisted the internment efforts by providing confidential   
   neighborhood information on Japanese Americans. The Bureau's role was   
   denied for decades but was finally proven in 2007.   
      
      
   3:  Arizona Senate Bill 1070.   
      
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