From: curd@notformail.com   
      
   On Fri, 09 Aug 2019 18:35:03 -0700, AK wrote:   
      
   > I found out that the led is actually 9 volt.   
   >   
   > It was labeled at 12 volts which was way too much.   
   >   
   > After switching to 9 volts, it runs much cooler.   
      
   They're 'current-orientated devices' for want of a better term for it. To   
   make things a bit easier, manufacturers will quote the Vf for each LED   
   which is the recommended level of forward bias voltage required to   
   provide the optimum amount of current vs. longevity allowing for such a   
   device's dynamic resistance as its barrier height potential is overcome.   
   I could have probably written that better, but not on a Sunday afternoon   
   after a decent bottle of Claret. :)   
      
      
      
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    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)