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   Kleptomania   
   From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   
   Kleptomania   
   Classification and external resources   
   ICD-10	F63.2   
   ICD-9	312.32   
   MeSH	D007174   
   Kleptomania is the inability to refrain from the urge to steal items and is   
   done for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. First described in   
   1816, kleptomania is classified in psychiatry as an impulse control   
   disorder.[1] Alternatively,    
   some of the main characteristics of the disorder, which consist of recurring   
   intrusion feelings, an inability to resist the urge to steal, and a release of   
   pressure following the theft, suggest that kleptomania could be an   
   obsessive-compulsive spectrum    
   disorder,[2] although this is disputed.   
   The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly associated with   
   other psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety and eating disorders, and   
   alcohol and substance abuse. Patients with kleptomania are typically treated   
   with therapies in other    
   areas due to the comorbid grievances rather than issues directly related to   
   kleptomania.[3]   
   Over the last 100 years, a shift from psychotherapeutic to psych   
   pharmacological interventions for kleptomania has occurred. Pharmacological   
   treatments using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), mood   
   stabilizers and opioid receptor    
   antagonists, and other antidepressants along with cognitive behavioral   
   therapy, have yielded positive results.[4]   
   Contents   
   1 Signs and symptoms   
   2 Diagnosis   
   3 Comorbidity   
   3.1 Substance abuse disorder   
   3.2 Obsessive-compulsive disorder   
   3.3 Pyromania   
   4 Treatment   
   4.1 Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approach   
   4.2 Behavioral and cognitive intervention   
   4.3 Drug treatment   
   5 History   
   5.1 First generation of psychoanalysis   
   5.2 Second generation of psychoanalysis   
   5.3 New perspectives   
   6 Etiology   
   6.1 Psychoanalytic models   
   6.2 Cognitive-behavioral models   
   6.3 Biological models   
   7 Society and culture   
   8 References   
   Signs and symptoms   
      
   Some of the fundamental components of kleptomania include recurring intrusive   
   thoughts, impotence to resist the compulsion to engage in stealing, and the   
   release of pressure following the act. These symptoms suggest that kleptomania   
   could be regarded as    
   an obsessive-compulsive type of disorder.[5][6]   
   Persons diagnosed with kleptomania often have other types of disorders   
   involving mood, anxiety, eating, impulse control, and drug use. They also have   
   great levels of stress, guilt, and remorse, and privacy issues accompanying   
   the act of stealing. These    
   signs are considered to either cause or intensify general comorbid disorders.   
   The characteristics of the behaviors associated with stealing could result in   
   other problems as well, which include social segregation and substance abuse.   
   The many types of    
   other disorders frequently occurring along with kleptomania usually make   
   clinical diagnosis uncertain.[7]   
   There is a difference between ordinary theft and kleptomania: "ordinary theft   
   (whether planned or impulsive) is deliberate and is motivated by the   
   usefulness of the object or its monetary worth," whereas with kleptomania,   
   there "is the recurrent failure    
   to resist impulses to steal items even though the items are not needed for   
   personal use or for their monetary value."[8]   
   Diagnosis   
      
   Disagreement surrounds the method by which kleptomania is considered and   
   diagnosed. On one hand, some researchers believe that kleptomania is merely   
   theft and dispute the suggestion that there are psychological mechanisms   
   involved, while others observe    
   kleptomania as part of a substance-related addiction. Yet others categorize   
   kleptomania as a variation of an impulse control disorder, such as   
   obsessive-compulsive disorder or eating disorders.[9]:378–84   
   According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth   
   edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of   
   mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the   
   diagnostic criteria for    
   kleptomania:   
   repeated inability to defend against urges to steal things that are not   
   essential for private use or for their economic value;   
   escalating sense of pressure immediately prior to performing the theft;   
   satisfaction, fulfillment or relief at the point of performing the theft;   
   the theft is not executed to convey antagonism or revenge, and is not in   
   reaction to a delusion or a fantasy; and   
   the thieving is not better accounted for by behavior disorder, a manic   
   episode, or antisocial personality disorder.[10]   
   Skeptics have decried kleptomania as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited   
   in legal defenses of wealthy lady shoplifters. During the twentieth century,   
   kleptomania was strongly linked with the increased prevalence of department   
   stores, and "department    
   store kleptomaniacs" were a widely held social stereotype that had political   
   implications.[11]   
   Comorbidity   
      
   Kleptomania seems to be linked with other psychiatric disorders, especially   
   mood swings, anxiety, eating disorders, and alcohol and substance abuse. The   
   occurrence of stealing as a behavior in conjunction with eating disorders,   
   particularly bulimia    
   nervosa, is frequently taken as a sign of the harshness of the eating   
   disorder.[12]   
   A likely connection between depression and kleptomania was reported as early   
   as 1911. It has since been extensively established in clinical observations   
   and available case reports. The mood disorder could come first or co-occur   
   with the beginning of    
   kleptomania. In advanced cases, depression may result in self-inflicted injury   
   and could even lead to suicide. Some people have reported relief from   
   depression or manic symptoms after theft.[13]   
   It has been suggested that because kleptomania is linked to strong compulsive   
   and impulsive qualities, it can be viewed as a variation of obse   
   sive-compulsive spectrum disorders, together with pathological gambling,   
   compulsive buying, pyromania,    
   nailbiting and trichotillomania. This point achieves support from the   
   unusually higher cases of OCD in close relatives of patients with   
   kleptomania.[14]   
   Substance abuse disorder   
      
   Kleptomania and drug addictions seem to have central qualities in common,   
   including:   
   recurring or compulsive participation in a behavior in spite of undesirable   
   penalties;   
   weakened control over the disturbing behavior;   
   a need or desire condition before taking part in the problematic behavior; and   
   a positive pleasure-seeking condition throughout the act of the disturbing   
   behavior.   
      
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