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   Current Opinion in Pharmacology   
   December 2012, Vol.12(6):667–672, doi:10.1016/j.coph.2012.09.010   
   Gastrointestinal • Endocrine and metabolic diseases   
   Communication between gastrointestinal bacteria and the nervous system   
   Javier A BravoMarcela Julio-PieperJohn F Cryan   
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   In the past few years, intestinal microbiota has emerged as a novel target for   
   the treatment of gut–brain axis alterations. These include functional   
   gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which can   
   be comorbid with stress-   
   related psychiatric conditions. Thus, modulation of the microbiota (e.g. with   
   the use of probiotics) could be proposed as a novel strategy not only for the   
   treatment of IBS but also as an adjuvant for psychiatric treatment of anxiety   
   and depression.   
      
   Graphical abstract   
   .   
      
      
   Highlights   
   ► Gut microbiota is a new target for the treatment of intestinal disorders.   
   ► Modulation of microbiota has an impact on animal behaviour. ► Probiotics   
   have important effects on gut and mental health. ► Intestinal microbiota   
   could be a new target    
   for mental illness. ► Probiotics could be novel adjuvant to psychiatric   
   therapy.   
      
      
   Figure 1.   
   Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.   
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