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   J Neurosci Res. 2012 Sep;90(9):1693-700. doi: 10.1002/jnr.23054. Epub 2012 Jun   
   5.   
      
   Olfactory dysfunctions in neurodegenerative disorders.   
      
   Ruan Y1, Zheng XY, Zhang HL, Zhu W, Zhu J.   
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   Abstract   
   Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in the patients with n   
   urodegenerative disorders, particularly in Parkinson's disease (PD) and   
   Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, studies of olfactory dysfunction have   
   focused on its potential as a medication-   
   independent biomarker for disease progression and as an early indicator for   
   the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders. In the past decades, great   
   achievements have been obtained in elucidating the neuroanatomy and the   
   function of olfactory system, yet    
   the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders   
   remains elusive. The neuropathologic changes of olfactory dysfunction in   
   neurodegenerative diseases may involve the olfactory epithelium, olfactory   
   bulb, primary olfactory cortices,    
   and their secondary targets changes. This article summarizes the up-to-date   
   knowledge on pathophysiological changes of the olfactory system in   
   neurodegenerative disorders and attempts to find the association between   
   olfactory dysfunction and    
   neurodegenerative disorders.   
   Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.   
   PMID: 22674288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]   
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   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674288   
      
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