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   Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota   
      
   Jotham Suez,	Tal Korem,	David Zeevi,	Gili Zilberman-Schapira,	Christoph A.   
   Thaiss,	Ori Maza,	David Israeli, Niv Zmora,	Shlomit Gilad,	Adina   
   Weinberger,	Yael Kuperman,	Alon Harmelin,	Ilana Kolodkin-Gal,	Hagit   
   Shapiro,	Zamir Halpern,	Eran Segal	& Eran    
   Elinav   
      
   Nature 514, 181-186 (09 October 2014) doi:10.1038/nature13793   
   Received 27 March 2014 Accepted 28 August 2014 Published online 17 September   
   2014   
      
      
   Abstract   
   Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are among the most widely used food   
   additives worldwide, regularly consumed by lean and obese individuals alike.   
   NAS consumption is considered safe and beneficial owing to their low caloric   
   content, yet supporting    
   scientific data remain sparse and controversial. Here we demonstrate that   
   consumption of commonly used NAS formulations drives the development of   
   glucose intolerance through induction of compositional and functional   
   alterations to the intestinal    
   microbiota. These NAS-mediated deleterious metabolic effects are abrogated by   
   antibiotic treatment, and are fully transferrable to germ-free mice upon   
   faecal transplantation of microbiota configurations from NAS-consuming mice,   
   or of microbiota    
   anaerobically incubated in the presence of NAS. We identify NAS-altered   
   microbial metabolic pathways that are linked to host susceptibility to   
   metabolic disease, and demonstrate similar NAS-induced dysbiosis and glucose   
   intolerance in healthy human    
   subjects. Collectively, our results link NAS consumption, dysbiosis and   
   metabolic abnormalities, thereby calling for a reassessment of massive NAS   
   usage.   
      
   Subject terms: Type 2 diabetes mellitus Microbiome Metabolic syndrome   
   Metagenomics   
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   Abstract* Accession codes* References* Author information* Extended data   
   figures and tables* Supplementary information* Comments   
   Primary accessions   
   European Nucleotide Archive   
      
   PRJEB6996   
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