On Thursday, January 23, 2014 2:57:19 PM UTC-5, Phil Hobbs wrote:   
   > On 01/23/2014 02:44 PM, haiticar1@gmail.com wrote:   
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   > > On Tuesday, January 21, 2014 11:37:34 AM UTC-5, Phil Hobbs wrote:   
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   > >> On 01/21/2014 11:11 AM, haiticaail.com wrote:   
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   > >>> On Monday, January 20, 2014 4:56:57 PM UTC-5, Phil Hobbs wrote:   
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   > >>>> On 01/20/2014 11:57 AM, haitica1@gmail.com wrote:   
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   > >>>>> On Thursday, January 16, 2014 11:44:28 AM UTC-5, Phil Hobbs   
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   > >>>>>> On 1/16/2014 11:35 AM, hai2011@gmail.com wrote:   
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   > >> whitespace>   
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   > > All right. If you have control over your source in a Wizard of Oz   
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   > > arrangement, your photon budget may have more income. The extreme   
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   > > other end is the example Horowitz gives of a pulsar measurement on a   
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   > > 60 inch telescope averaging less than a photon per measurement. And   
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   > > here is my question: Say you are measuring something by taking   
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   > > multiple measurements and adding them up, as he does with the Pulsar.   
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   > > Say you are using your fast PD arrangement to get a few 100 khz   
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   > > numbers, add them up as he does. (I say just a few 100 khz because   
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   > > many things don't stay still for long, and I'm not sure what happens   
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   > > when gross "noise" due to movement disturbs the addition algorithm.)   
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   > > OK. What he says is that the noise goes up as the SQRT and the signal   
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   > > goes linearly. So does this algorithm have a natural ally in your   
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   > > high speed data collection sensor?   
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   > That square root behaviour applies to any signal averaging measurement   
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   > when the noise is uncorrelated with the signal.  Photon counting is   
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   > generally done with a PMT, so speed is not a problem for most   
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   > measurements.  You get rid of the grass using a pulse height   
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   > discriminator or a multichannel analyzer, and usually put in a bit of   
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   > adjustable dead time to get rid of afterpulses.   
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   > Cheers   
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   >   
   > Phil Hobbs   
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   > --   
   >   
   > Dr Philip C D Hobbs   
   >   
   > Principal Consultant   
   >   
   > ElectroOptical Innovations LLC   
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   > Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics   
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   > hobbs at electrooptical dot net   
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   > http://electrooptical.net   
      
   What do you mean, exactly, by noise being correlated with the signal? Doesn't   
   that make it signal?   
   ?   
      
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