From: jimgoetz316@gmail.com   
      
   Sorry that I did not address Ned Latham's comment on the   
   gravitational lens effect. The gravitational lens effect is   
   taken into account for theories or paradigms of an   
   expanding universe.   
      
   Mainstream astrophysics supports that the length of   
   distance between distant galaxies in perpetually   
   increasing. Perhaps some peer-review papers challenge that   
   paradigm, but I doubt there is any compelling challenge.   
      
   If somebody here can clearly articulate a compelling   
   challenge to an expanding universe paradigm, then I will   
   carefully analyze it and also discuss it at sci.astro.research.   
      
   Jim   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)