From: d@d.d   
      
   Hello,   
      
      
   More about corruption in Russia..   
      
   Corruption Perceptions Index, 2018   
      
   Starting from Putin's second term, very few corruption cases have been   
   the subject of outrage. Putin's system is remarkable for its ubiquitous   
   and open merging of the civil service and business, as well as its use   
   of relatives, friends, and acquaintances to benefit from budgetary   
   expenditures and take over state property. Corporate, property, and land   
   raiding is commonplace.[130]   
      
   Corruption in Russia is perceived as a significant problem[131]   
   impacting all aspects of life, including public administration,[132] law   
   enforcement,[133] healthcare[134] and education.[135] The phenomenon of   
   corruption is strongly established in the historical model of public   
   governance in Russia and attributed to general weakness of rule of law   
   in Russia.[132] According to the 2018 results of the Corruption   
   Perceptions Index by Transparency International, Russia ranked 138th out   
   of 180 countries with a score of 28 out of 100, tying with Guinea, Iran,   
   Lebanon, Mexico and Papua New Guinea.[136]   
      
   There are many different estimates of the actual cost of   
   corruption.[130] According to official government statistics from   
   Rosstat, the "shadow economy" occupied only 15% of Russia's GDP in 2011,   
   and this included unreported salaries (to avoid taxes and social   
   payments) and other types of tax evasion.[137] According to Rosstat's   
   estimates, corruption in 2011 amounted to only 3.5 to 7% of GDP. In   
   comparison, some independent experts maintain that corruption consumes   
   as much of 25% of Russia's GDP.[138] A World Bank report puts this   
   figure at 48%.[139] There is also an interesting shift in the main focus   
   of bribery: whereas previously officials took bribes to shut their eyes   
   to legal infractions, they now take them simply to perform their   
   duties.[140] Many experts admit that in recent years corruption in   
   Russia has become a business. In the 1990s, businessmen had to pay   
   different criminal groups to provide a "krysha" (literally, a "roof",   
   i.e., protection). Nowadays, this "protective" function is performed by   
   officials. Corrupt hierarchies characterize different sectors of the   
   economy,[130] including education.[130]   
      
   In the end, the Russian population pays for this corruption.[130] For   
   example, some experts believe that rapid increases in monthly bills   
   significantly outpacing the rate of inflation are a direct result of   
   high volumes of corruption at the highest levels.[141]   
      
      
   Read more here:   
      
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia   
      
      
   Thank you,   
   Amine Moulay Ramdane.   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)