From: rokimoto557@gmail.com   
      
   On 12/15/2025 6:12 AM, MarkE wrote:   
   > Q2. You say "Major innovations are rare", but these are the driver of   
   > macroevolution. But how do these "major innovations" occur via many   
   > small steps?   
   >   
   > A. This is the right pressure point. If major innovations are both rare   
   > and essential for macroevolution, then a purely verbal appeal to “many   
   > small steps” is insufficient. The question becomes:   
   >   
   > What is the mechanism by which qualitatively new biological capacities   
   > arise via quantitatively small genetic changes, without collapsing   
   > fitness along the way?   
   >   
   > Below is the modern evolutionary answer, stated mechanistically, not   
   > rhetorically...   
   >   
   > https://chatgpt.com/s/t_693ffb26a698819184d0d92224b045b0   
   >   
      
   What macro "major innovations" needed to occur between chimps and humans?   
      
   We have all the same tissues and organs.  We have the same brain parts,   
   just brain size has changed.  We have all the same bones, but they have   
   changed their shape and size.  We are bipedal with a bent and shortened   
   hip, but that deformity may have initally been due to a single gene   
   defect with later modifications selected over time.  We are still   
   brachiating apes with shorter arms and longer legs (check out gymnasts).   
      
   Ron Okimoto   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)