From: me22over7@gmail.com   
      
   Larry Moran offers this analysis:   
      
   "...A small number of these neutral mutations will become fixed in the   
   population and it's these fixed mutations that produce most of the   
   changes in the genome of evolving populations. According to the neutral   
   theory of population genetics, the number of fixed neutral mutations   
   corresponds to the mutation rate. Thus, in every evolving population   
   there will be 100 new fixed mutations per generation. This means that   
   fixation of 22 million mutations would take 220,000 generations. The   
   average generation time of humans and chimps is 27.5 years so this   
   corresponds to about 6 million years. That's close to the time that   
   humans and chimps diverged according to the fossil record. What this   
   means is that evolutionary theory is able to explain the differences in   
   the human genome—it has explanatory power."   
   https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2025/12/how-many-regulatory-sites-in-human.html   
      
   However, chimp to human evolution involves major (profound) adaptations,   
   including:   
      
   - Bipedalism and capacity for long-distance walking and endurance   
   running: short, broad pelvis; S-shaped spine; long legs relative to   
   arms; arched feet with non-opposable big toe.   
      
   - Cognitive capacity increase: larger cranial capacity; dramatically   
   expanded neocortex; highly developed prefrontal cortex; these produce:   
   abstract reasoning; symbolic language; long-term planning; mathematics,   
   music, art; large cooperative societies; etc.   
      
   - Other physiology: extended childhood and adolescence; long lifespan;   
   high energy investment in brain development; reduced muscle mass   
   relative to body size; craniofacial morphology supporting speech   
   articulation and dietary flexibility; precision hand grip and fine motor   
   control.   
      
   How many non-neutral adaptive mutations (in fact, highly adaptive,   
   complex and coordinated suites of mutations) are required, over and   
   above the estimated neutral/near-neutral mutations, to produce these   
   adaptations, and how are these accounted for in the time available?   
      
   --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05   
    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)