From: rokimoto557@gmail.com   
      
   On 12/17/2025 5:22 AM, MarkE wrote:   
   > On 17/12/2025 6:47 am, John Harshman wrote:   
   >> On 12/16/25 4:22 AM, MarkE wrote:   
   >>> On 16/12/2025 1:23 pm, John Harshman wrote:   
   >>>> On 12/15/25 4:53 PM, MarkE wrote:   
   >>>>> Larry Moran offers this analysis:   
   >>>>>   
   >>>>> "...A small number of these neutral mutations will become fixed in   
   >>>>> the population and it's these fixed mutations that produce most of   
   >>>>> the changes in the genome of evolving populations. According to the   
   >>>>> neutral theory of population genetics, the number of fixed neutral   
   >>>>> mutations corresponds to the mutation rate. Thus, in every evolving   
   >>>>> population there will be 100 new fixed mutations per generation.   
   >>>>> This means that fixation of 22 million mutations would take 220,000   
   >>>>> generations. The average generation time of humans and chimps is   
   >>>>> 27.5 years so this corresponds to about 6 million years. That's   
   >>>>> close to the time that humans and chimps diverged according to the   
   >>>>> fossil record. What this means is that evolutionary theory is able   
   >>>>> to explain the differences in the human genome—it has explanatory   
   >>>>> power."   
   >>>>> https://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2025/12/how-many-regulatory-sites-in-   
   >>>>> human.html   
   >>>>>   
   >>>>> However, chimp to human evolution involves major (profound)   
   >>>>> adaptations, including:   
   >>>>>   
   >>>>> - Bipedalism and capacity for long-distance walking and endurance   
   >>>>> running: short, broad pelvis; S-shaped spine; long legs relative to   
   >>>>> arms; arched feet with non-opposable big toe.   
   >>>>>   
   >>>>> - Cognitive capacity increase: larger cranial capacity;   
   >>>>> dramatically expanded neocortex; highly developed prefrontal   
   >>>>> cortex; these produce: abstract reasoning; symbolic language; long-   
   >>>>> term planning; mathematics, music, art; large cooperative   
   >>>>> societies; etc.   
   >>>>>   
   >>>>> - Other physiology: extended childhood and adolescence; long   
   >>>>> lifespan; high energy investment in brain development; reduced   
   >>>>> muscle mass relative to body size; craniofacial morphology   
   >>>>> supporting speech articulation and dietary flexibility; precision   
   >>>>> hand grip and fine motor control.   
   >>>>>   
   >>>>> How many non-neutral adaptive mutations (in fact, highly adaptive,   
   >>>>> complex and coordinated suites of mutations) are required, over and   
   >>>>> above the estimated neutral/near-neutral mutations, to produce   
   >>>>> these adaptations, and how are these accounted for in the time   
   >>>>> available?   
   >>>>>   
   >>>> How many adaptive mutations? A few thousand, perhaps. Coordinated   
   >>>> suites? Why would that be necessary? And how they would be accounted   
   >>>> for is simple: you should understand that a number of mutations many   
   >>>> orders of magnitude greater than the ones that eventually became   
   >>>> fixed would have happened during human evolution. The ones that were   
   >>>> advantageous were therefore a small sample of a much larger number   
   >>>> than you are imagining here.   
   >>>>   
   >>>   
   >>> Here's your dilemma:   
   >>>   
   >>> 1. The human brain is the most complex object in the known universe*   
   >>   
   >> I've heard that said. But is it true? Is it more complex than a blue   
   >> whale's brain, or an elephant's? And how much more complex is it than   
   >> a chimp's brain, by whatever measure you're using?   
   >   
   > It is difficult to quantify, but even a casual observer of chimps and   
   > humans recognises the scale of the difference. Civilisation and   
   > spaceflight, for example.   
   >   
   > If you claim a functional difference of that magnitude could be obtained   
   > with the addition of only a few thousand bits of information, I'd say   
   > you've never designed anything. Sorry, no free lunch.   
      
   The casual observer would have understood how stupid and dishonest the   
   ID creationist scam has been for 3 decades.   
      
   Why do you want to wallow in denial and support a stupid and dishonest   
   creationist scam like ID?   
      
   The average chimp brain is around 400 cc.  The average human brain is a   
   little over 1300 cc.  You have a 3 fold difference in size of the brain.   
     Both brains have the same parts and arrangement of those parts, but   
   some of the parts have grown in size in disproportion to others between   
   chimps and humans.  Chimps have a culture that is passed down by   
   learning and not instinct.   
      
   Chimps make and use tools.  Australopithicines were likely making stone   
   tools with an average brain size of around 450 cc.  Some of them may   
   have had brains of 550 cc.  They obviously had a culture that was   
   learned and passed down by experience.   
      
   Homo hablilis had quite a range of brain sizes some were within the   
   range of Australopithicines to Homo erectus size, but most were around   
   600 cc.  They were making stone tools, and likely had a cultural continuity.   
      
   Homo erectus started with a brain size of 800 grams and eventually   
   evolved brains over 1000 cc and fall within the lower ranges of modern   
   humans.  They created a more sophisticated stone tool set and likely   
   worked with fire.  They may have developed a basic culture similar to   
      
   [continued in next message]   
      
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    * Origin: you cannot sedate... all the things you hate (1:229/2)