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   Heat trapping carbon dioxide emissions from making cement, a   
   less talked about but major source of carbon pollution, have   
   doubled in the last 20 years, new global data shows.   
      
   In 2021, worldwide emissions from making cement for buildings,   
   roads and other infrastructure hit nearly 2.9 billion tons (2.6   
   billion metric tons) of carbon dioxide, which is more than 7% of   
   the global carbon emissions, according to emissions scientist   
   Robbie Andrew of Norway’s CICERO Center for International   
   Climate Research and the Global Carbon Project. Twenty years   
   ago, in 2002, cement emissions were some 1.4 billion tons (1.2   
   billion metric tons) of carbon dioxide.   
      
   Driven by China, global cement emissions globally have more than   
   tripled since 1992, recently growing at a rate of 2.6% a year.   
   It’s not just that more cement is being made and used. At a time   
   when all industries are supposed to be cleaning up their   
   processes, cement has actually been going in the opposite   
   direction. The carbon intensity of cement — how much pollution   
   is emitted per ton — has increased 9.3% from 2015 to 2020,   
   primarily because of China, according to the International   
   Energy Agency.   
      
      
   “Cement emission have grown faster than most other carbon   
   sources,” said Stanford University climate scientist Rob   
   Jackson, who leads Global Carbon Project, a group of scientists   
   that track worldwide climate pollution and publish their work in   
   peer reviewed journals. “Cement emissions were also unusual in   
   that they never dropped during COVID. They didn’t grow as much,   
   but they never declined the way oil, gas and coal did. Honestly,   
   I think it’s because the Chinese economy never really shut down   
   completely.”   
      
   Cement is unusual compared to other major materials, such as   
   steel, because not only does it require a lot of heat to make,   
   which causes emissions, but the chemical process of making   
   cement itself produces a lot of carbon dioxide, the major human-   
   caused long-term heat-trapping gas.   
      
   The recipe for cement requires lots of a key ingredient called   
   clinker, the crumbly binding agent in the entire mixture.   
   Clinker is made when limestone, calcium carbonate, is taken out   
   of the ground and heated to 2700 to 2800 degrees (1480 to 1540   
   degrees Celsius) to turn it into calcium oxide. But that process   
   strips carbon dioxide out of the limestone and it goes into the   
   air, Andrew said.   
      
   Rick Bohan, senior vice president for sustainability at the   
   industry group Portland Cement Association, said, “in the U.S.,   
   60% of our CO2 is a chemical fact of life... The reality is   
   concrete is a universal building material. There is no single   
   construction project that doesn’t use some amount of concrete in   
   it.”   
      
   Cement, which is the key ingredient in concrete, is in   
   buildings, roads and bridges.   
      
   “Each person on the planet is consuming on average more than a   
   kilogram (2.2 pounds) of cement per day,” said University of   
   California Earth systems scientist Steve Davis. “Obviously,   
   you’re not going to, you know, Home Depot and buying a sack of   
   cement every day. But on your behalf, the roads and buildings   
   and bridges out there are using more than a kilogram. And that’s   
   kind of mind boggling to me.”   
      
   Even though there are greener ways to make cement, cutting its   
   emissions dramatically is so difficult and requires such a   
   massive change in infrastructure and the way of doing business,   
   the International Energy Agency doesn’t envision the cement   
   industry getting to zero carbon emissions by 2050. Instead there   
   will still be emissions from cement, steel and aviation that   
   need to be balanced out with negative emissions elsewhere, said   
   IEA researchers Tiffany Voss and Peter Levi.   
      
   “These are hard, hard to cut,” Andrew said.   
      
   But industry’s Bohan said his group is certain that they can get   
   to net zero carbon emissions by 2050, if it gets help from   
      
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